Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

codex

Answer 1

A Latin term refers to a manuscript typically handwritten and bound in book form.

Question 2

atrio

Answer 2

Large walled patio in front of the church
- In Europe, could be occupied by the people who couldn’t fit inside the church for special masses
- In colonial Mexico, was treated as a church space

Question 3

retablo

Question 4

Franciscans

Answer 4

The dominant presence in New Spain, New Mexico, and Baja California
- Founded in 1219 by St. Francis of Assisi
- Vows of Poverty (not typically known for leading a wealthy lifestyle, however, secured nice furnishings for the church itself).
- Itinerant Lifestyle

Question 5

Open chapels

Answer 5

Religious structures that were not entirely enclosed

Question 6

Fortress styled church

Answer 6

Elements are visible on the exterior, They never functioned as fortresses. The idea of missionaries wanted to convey that these were spiritual places of protection to the Natives. They have pointed elements on the rooflines. A lot of features borrowed from Moorish architecture.

Question 7

Amanteca

Answer 7

Nahua Leatherwork
- named after Tenochtitlan neighborhood of Amantla
Type of Aztec featherwork:
- capes
- head crests

Question 8

Transubstantian

Answer 8

Catholic belief that the real presence of Christ is in the Holy Eucharist

Question 9

plaza

Answer 9

“fortified Village”; continuous perimeter of thick-walled adobe buildings.

Question 10

pueblo

Answer 10

A Spanish word that these foreign settlers used to describe the indigenous communities of the Rio Grande and Colorado River regions; Spanish word for village or town.

Question 11

baroque

Answer 11

The Baroque style, prominent in the 17th and early 18th centuries, is known for its dramatic expression, intricate detail, and grandeur. Found in art, architecture, music, and literature, it emphasizes movement, emotion, and contrasts like light and shadow. Baroque art often aimed to inspire awe, with ornate designs and themes of power and spirituality.

Question 12

santero

Answer 12

saint maker
- Bernardo was the first known santero who was commissioned to make saint art or religious art.

Question 13

estipite

Answer 13

a type of column that is narrow at the top and bottom and bulges in the middle.

Question 14

churrigueresque

Answer 14

Ultra Baroque, elaborate sculptural ornament found in architecture; extreme decorative detailing.

Question 15

angelos

Answer 15

Greek for messengers

Question 16

tzutujil

Answer 16

people

Question 17

PAINTING
The Mass of St. Gregory, 1593

Question 18

PAINTING
Juan Bautista and/or Juan Cuiris, Jesus at the Age of Twelve and Weeping Virgin, 1590-1600

Question 19

PAINTING
Tupac Amaru I, c. 1850-70, oil on canvas

Answer 19

The Indigenous Elite was one of the last who rebelled against the colonial order. He was assassinated. When he was killed, he was wearing the royal Inca garment with red. This was a reference to mascapaycha. Wearing red was important in colonial times.

Question 20

PAINTING
Anonymous, Mary’s Affliction and Joseph’s Doubt, second half of the18th century, oil on canvas

Answer 20

A lot of blues and red from Cuzco school-styled paintings. The artist used Ingidp and Prussian Blue. Indigo is a plant made in Guatemala whish was probably exported and Prussian blue is exported from Berlin. Mary’s cloak is an intense blue compared to the background with a lighter wash of blue.

Question 21

ARCHITECTURE
San Geronimo church, Buil ca. 1847, Taos Pueblo, NM

Answer 21

This is a Pueblo church. Has a single-nave layout. A lot of churches built in Pueblo communities were destroyed. This church was built on the trio itself. Native building techniques were combined with European walls to create thick adobe walls. This was also made by women.

Question 22

Posa chapels

Answer 22

Four little chapels in the corners of the atrio

Question 23

ARCHITECTURE
Mission San Xavier del Bac Church, 1783-1789/90, Tucson AZ

Answer 23

The last remaining mission churches in Arizona. This church has a retablo facade. This was established by the Jesuits but it was the Franciscans who made it built. This church has a lot of angels.

Question 24

ARCHITECTURE
Church at Mision San Ignacio de Kadakaaman, built between 1750s and 1786, Baja California Sur

Answer 24

A lot of churches have the saint name with the native village. The facade has a two-story layering. Above the circular windows, some emblems come directly from the Pillar dollar. On the left, you see a bourbon coat of arms (the ones in power during this time). The right has pillars of Hercules interlocking globes. A reference to the global existence of the Spanish empire at this time.

Question 25

ARCHITECTURE
Alamo, original church established 1718, San Antonio, TX

Answer 25

Was made during the mission of Mission San Antonio de Valero. The word Alamo cotton tree. The church went through a lot of reconstruction. It has a navel facade added later. These were Franciscan missions

Question 26

PAINTING
Bartolome Esteban Murrillo, St. Anne Teaching the Virgin Mary to Read, 1650

Answer 26

The holy family. St. Anne was a popular saint in Spain and carried it into New Spain. Even after people in Europe didn’t empathize with Anne, she was still popular. This didn’t make it into the original Bible, so she is downplayed a bit. but appealed to the indigenous family Saint Anne because a symbol of maternity for women.

Question 27

ARCHITECTURE
Church of Santiago de Atitlan, built 1541-1547, Guatemala

Answer 27

He was martyerd at this particular church because of his faith.

Question 28

ARCHITECTURE
Church at Blessed Stanley Rother Shrine, built 2019-2923, Oklahoma City

Answer 28

Stanley was a catholic priest in Oklahoma. He had an opportunity to serve a community in Guatemala. He was martyred and killed because of his faith. His body was brought back to Oklahoma. Oklahoma then made a church after him. The architecture is trying to evoke Spanish architecture. This church is larger than the one in Guatemala.

Question 29

Essay A
PAINTING 1
Samuel Stranus, Indulgence for donation of alms towards the building of a Church to the Virgin of Guadeloupe, 1615-20, copper engraving
PAINTING 2
Josefud de Ribera, Virgin of Guadalupe Venerated by Juan and an Indian, 1788, oil on canvas

Answer 29

8 scene on the sides of the print. In the top 2 scenes upper left the artist depicts the cure of Don and upper right the horse is when the virgin of Guadeloupe was an interceptor and helped save him through a horse riding accident, The rest of those pictures depict Creole. This is a biased painting depicting Guadeloupe with Creole and an attempt to distinguish New Spain from Spain. No indigenous people are shown here. She’s wearing a cloak with stars and standing on a moon

The blue cloak, the star, and crescent moon, eagle on the cactus whish are the founding of Tenochtitlan which refers to the Aztec story of the Intended capital city. In the paitning she’s shown with greater emphasis, occupies a greater portion and there is 2 indigenous figures. Juan Diego on the left was a catholic indiginous man and is shown more of a civilized Indian and is fukky clothed as a opposed to the noble savage character on the right side that has a sterntyped garment. the indingnous people are beoming more european with the way they dress.

Question 30

Essay B
ARCHITECTURE 1
San Miguel de Huejotzingo church, 1547-1571, adobe brick and rammed earth walls, Huejotzingo, Mexico
ARCHITECTURE 2
Mission San Gabriel church, completed 1805, stone and adobe, San Gabriel, California, U.S.A

Question 31

PAINTING
Bartolome Esteban Murrillo, Holy Family with a Little bird, ca. 1650

Answer 31

Saint Joseph encouraged Christ’s child to play with the dog. In earlier centuries, he is displayed as an old man. In the newer versions, Europeans thought to make him a younger man and make him a modeling dad and ideal father for the people of New Spain.