final exam slides

Question 1

what is a trandsucer

Answer 1

produces voltage outputs that are proportional to
the applied force (weight) that deflects a strain gauge within the transducer

Question 2

what is Na/K atpase pump?

Answer 2

helps to maintain osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in cells. The sodium and potassium move against the concentration gradients.

Question 3

what does the concentration gradient for active transport look like

Answer 3

using energy it goes from low to high

Question 4

what is an ussing chamber

Answer 4

physiological system to measure the transport of ions, nutrients, and drugs across various epithelial tissues

Question 4

what is an ussing chamber

Answer 4

physiological system to measure the transport of ions, nutrients, and drugs across various epithelial tissues

Question 5

What are the different types of membrane channels involved in an action potential

Answer 5

ion Channels, Ligand-Gated Channels, Mechanically-Gated Channels, Voltage-Gated Channels, and Leak Channels

Question 6

is cap an all or non phenomemon

Answer 6

No- they are graded. They are composed of many different axons with varying action potentials.

Question 7

can axons conduct action potential in both directions?

Answer 7

Axons can conduct APs in both directions

Question 8

Temperature effect on amplitude and Conduction velocity?

Answer 8

the higher the temp the conduction velocity increases and amp is decreased

Question 9

summation

Answer 9

When multiple electrical stimuli are applied to a muscle at a sufficiently high frequency, twitches merge into higher force contractions,

Question 10

tetanus

Answer 10

When the frequency of muscle contraction is such that the maximal force is tension is generated without any relaxation of the muscle

Question 11

what is the molecular basis of contraction

Answer 11

ca levels rise in cytosol
ca binds to troponin
tropinin/ca binds to tropomyosin from mbinding site
myosin binds to acitin and completes power stroke
actine filament moves

Question 12

what is the molecular basis of contraction

Answer 12

ca levels rise in cytosol
ca binds to troponin
tropinin/ca binds to tropomyosin from mbinding site
myosin binds to acitin and completes power stroke
actine filament moves

Question 13

Why do we expect lower threshold voltage for indirect stimulation

Answer 13

it reuqires a lower voltage to reach threshold

Question 14

why does direct stimulation requiere more voltage

Answer 14

less motor units are recruited and its not going through a pathway so there is no buildup of Ach and voltage.

Question 15

What is the difference between fused and unfused tetanus?

Answer 15

An unfused tetanus occurs when the stimulation rate produces partial summation of individual twitches. A fused tetanus occurs when the stimulation rate produces full summation of individual twitches.

Question 16

What is the role of calcium in tetanus?

Answer 16

stabilizing the resting membrane potential of neurons, thereby preventing their spontaneous activation

Question 17

An increased amount of acid in the blood causes increase in ventilation why?

Answer 17

the parts of the brain that regulate breathing are stimulated to produce faster and deeper breathing
increases the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, which raises the blood pH back toward normal.

Question 17

An increased amount of acid in the blood causes increase in ventilation why?

Answer 17

the parts of the brain that regulate breathing are stimulated to produce faster and deeper breathing
increases the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, which raises the blood pH back toward normal.