Final Exam "key"

Question 1

What is the neurotransmitter that crosses the synaptic cleft?

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

What is a dendrite (action)?

Answer 2

propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron

Question 3

What is the most likely fractured bone in the skull?

Answer 3

Temporal Bone

Zygomatic also seen frequently

Question 4

What is the worst type of hematoma in the dural space? Why?

Answer 4

the epidural hematoma is the worst type because it is highly vascular and the bleed occurs rapidly. Therefore, the pressure increases significantly. It also is a closed vault, so there is no place for this pressure to go.

Question 5

What is the most frequent hematoma seen in the dural space?

Answer 5

subdural hematoma

Question 6

Where would a subarachnoid bleed go?

Answer 6

Into the brain itself

Question 7

If an injury to Wernicke’s area occurred, what would the pt. present as?

Answer 7

The person can speak and formulate sentences, but is unable to process what you say back to them.

Question 8

If an injury to Broca’s area occurred, what would the pt. present as?

Answer 8

The pt. will not be able to speak or formulate sentences. Speaks gibberish.

Question 9

Prefrontal Cortex Controls What?

Answer 9

Personality, creativity, etc. less likely to be emotionally inhibited aka fearless. Can’t reason danger

Question 10

Where are Broca and Wernicke’s area found?

Answer 10

Only found on the Dominant hand side of the brain. Therefore, if you are right handed, it would be located on the R side of your brain

Question 11

At what level does the spinal cord end?

Answer 11

L2

Question 12

How many Spinal Nerves are there?

Answer 12

31.

8 Cervical, 9 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral

Question 13

What is the purpose of the Myelin Sheath?

Answer 13

increase nerve conduction velocity

Question 14

What is the worst Pupil reaction for an individual to have?

Answer 14

Fixed Pupil

Question 15

What is a Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

Answer 15

caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain that may lead to reversible, or irreversible paralysis and neurological damage.

Question 16

What are the main causes in the population we see?

Answer 16

drug abuse and cardiac embolism

Question 17

What is Guillan-Barre Syndrome?

Answer 17

acute, diffuse demyelinating disorder that starts distally and moves proximal . progressive.

Question 18

What are the four types of Headaches? Define them.

Answer 18

Vascular - caused by spasms of the surrounding vessels as a result of high blood pressure

Muscle Contraction - tension headache

Traction and Inflammation - result from other disorders

Question 19

What is a Seizure

Answer 19

Abnormal discharges of electrical activity in the brain

Question 20

Intermittent Tonic-Clonic

Answer 20

Tonic-clonic muscle contractions, pre-ictal aura of smells or sounds, tongue biting,

Question 21

Absence (Focal) Seizures

Answer 21

brief episode (3-10 seconds) loss of attention or awareness. No pre, or postical states

Question 22

Treatment of Seizures

Answer 22

No one drug works the best, so there are a lot of them.

Question 23

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Answer 23

Neurodegenerative, lifelong chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young adults, characterized by the gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination in the brain

Question 24

What are the Four Forms of MS?

Answer 24

Relapsing-remitting, Primary-Progressive, Secondary-progressive, Progressive-relapsing

Question 25

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Answer 25

Lou Gehrig’s Disease; neurological disease that is fatal, progressive, slowly attacks neurons responsible for voluntary muscle actions, there are no tx

Question 26

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 26

Affects Facial Nerve, resulting in unilateral facial weakness or paralysis. Rapid onset that spontaneously resolves

Question 27

Complex Region Pain Syndrome

Answer 27

OVER ACTIVITY of the sympathetic nervous system after a minor injury due to trauma of the nerve.

Question 28

Type I CRPS

Answer 28

Follows injury to soft tissue or bone

Question 29

Type II CRPS

Answer 29

Documented injury to a nerve.

Question 30

What are the muscle of the eye?

Answer 30

superior rectus, superior oblique, medial rectus, inferior oblique, inferior rectus, lateral rectus.

Question 31

What is Myopia

Answer 31

Nearsightedness. The eyeball is elongated, therefore the focus is anterior to the retina. Concave lens to correct

Question 32

What is Hyperopia

Answer 32

Farsightedness. Can’t see things close. Eyeball is flattened, therefore, focus is posterior to the retina

Question 33

What is an Astigmatism?

Answer 33

Shape of the cornea affected

Question 34

What is conjunctivitis?

Answer 34

Inflammation of the conjunctiva. The transparent vascular tissue covering the anterior sclera and the posterior surface of the eyes.
Caused by bacteria, viruses, or dry eye.

White puss in the bottom of the eyeball is key detection for bacterial infection

Question 35

Subjunctival Hemorrhage

Answer 35

Red blood in the eyeball. In the sclera. Looks really bad, but it’s not. Will absorb and go away. Make sure there is no blood in pupil. Broken blood vessels

Question 36

Hyphema

Answer 36

What we are concerned about. Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. Causes an increased pressure that could damage structures within the eye. Blood pooling at bottom of sclera.

Question 37

Corneal Abraison

Answer 37

Result from trauma, but can also be benign. Scratch the epithelial surface of the eye. may hurt to blink, or blinking frequently.

Question 38

What is an Open Globe Injury

Answer 38

Corneal Laceration

Question 39

Periorbital Contusion

Answer 39

Black Eye

Question 40

Retinal Tear or Detachment

Answer 40

The curtain closing