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NAT210 - Anatomy & Physiology I > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The skin bacteria that proliferates in acne is …

A. Lactobacillus acidophilus
B. Bifidobacterium
C. Propionibacterium acnes
D. Staphylococcus aureus

A

C. Propionibacterium acnes

Oil secretions increase under the blocked pore, providing an ideal environment for the skin bacteria Propionibacterium acnes to proliferate. In response, the skin inflames, producing the visible lesion in acne.

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2
Q

The most common form of acne is known as _____ _____.

A

Acne vulgaris

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3
Q

Dry skin brushing is helpful for …

A. Elimination
B. Lymphatic filtration
C. Poor circulation
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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4
Q

Acne is an inflammatory disease of the skin, caused by changes in the _____.

A. Hair follicle
B. Sebaceous glands
C. Sweat glands
D. Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B.

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5
Q

Which of the following vitamins in excessive doses, can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, skin peeling, intense headaches, vertigo, irritability, drowsiness, and seizures and eventually coma and liver damage may result?

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin E
C. Niacin
D. Vitamin C

A

A. Vitamin A

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6
Q

Which of the following is not a mucous membrane?

A. Lining of the respiratory tract
B. Lining of the blood vessels
C. Lining of the digestive tract
D. All of the above are examples of mucous membranes.

A

B. Lining of the blood vessels

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7
Q

True or False

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer.

A

True

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8
Q

Which of the following is not a function of a membrane?

A. It produces a hormone that regulates growth and development
B. It covers the inner surface of hollow organs
C. It anchors organs to each other
D. All of the above

A

A. It produces a hormone that regulates growth and development

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9
Q

True or False

The crescent-shaped, white area near the root of the nail is called the lunula.

A

True

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10
Q

Which of the following is not a function of a membrane?

A. It covers and protects the body surface
B. It secretes a fluid that reduces the friction of the beating heart
C. It lines cavities of the body
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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11
Q

This type of membrane is composed of only one kind of tissue

A. Mucous
B. Cutaneous
C. Synovial
D. Serous

A

C. Synovial

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12
Q

True or False: Melanocytes produce the brown pigment melanin.

A

True

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13
Q

True or False

Both melanin and keratin are important in the protective function of skin.

A

True

P. 111

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14
Q

True or False

Soap can strip the skin, disturb the skin’s acid mantle, and cause the skin to produce more sebum.

A

True

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15
Q

True or False

The word “articulation” is another word for joint.

A

True

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16
Q

The two bones of the lower arm are the

a. tibia and fibula
b. femur and humerus
c. ulna and radius
d. none of the above

A

c. ulna and radius

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17
Q

True or False

There are more bones in the axial skeleton than in the appendicular skeleton.

A

False

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18
Q

The tarsals are the bones of the

a. wrist
b. foot
c. ankle
d. none of the above

A

c. ankle

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19
Q

Which of the following is not true of calcitonin?

a. It is made in the thyroid gland
b. It increases blood calcium
c. It decreases blood calcium
d. It increases calcium in the bone

A

b. It increases blood calcium

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20
Q

True or False

The tibia and fibula are bones of the lower leg.

A

True

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21
Q

Which of the following statements is not true of ribs?

a. All ribs attach to vertebrae
b. All ribs attach to the sternum
c. There are three pairs of false ribs
d. All of the above are true of ribs.

A

b. All ribs attach to the sternum

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22
Q

True or False

A diarthrotic joint is a freely moving joint.

A

True

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23
Q

True or False

Like bone cells, cartilage cells are located in lacunae.

A

True

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24
Q

True or False

The lacuna is a large canal in the center of the osteon that contains a blood vessel.

A

False

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25
Q

True or False

To move a part of the body toward the midline is called adduction.

A

True

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26
Q

True or False

The indentation in the femur where the patella or kneecap fits is called the acetabulum.

A

False

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27
Q

True or False

The skull is formed by endochondral ossification.

A

False

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28
Q

The nightshade vegetables – tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper – are also known to contribute to which of the following in sensitive individuals?

a. Bone loss
b. Loss of height
c. Joint inflammation
d. Muscle cramps

A

b. Joint inflammation

Food and substance allergies can exacerbate arthritis and should be identified and avoided. Common food allergies are milk, beef, corn, and wheat, and common substances are dust, mold, and pollen. The nightshade vegetables – tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper – are also known to contribute to joint inflammation in sensitive individuals.

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29
Q

What support option slows the rate of osteoporosis by 30-50% and protects against hip fracture?

a. High protein diet
b. Boron supplementation
c. Calcium supplementation
d. Vitamin K supplementation

A

c. Calcium supplementation

Calcium supplementation has been shown to reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women, slowing the rate by up to 50%. Keep in mind that bone is also dependent on a constant supply of many nutrients, including vitamin K and boron.

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30
Q

This condition usually affects people in the 30-40 age group and is more common in women. It destroys the cartilage and tissues, both in and around the joint, and can destroy the bone surface itself.

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatism

A

a. Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition. Inflammation causes scar tissue in the joints which may even fuse.

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31
Q

The condition which is caused by continuous wearing away of the cartilage in the joint, and is found more commonly in the elderly is called

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatism

A

b. Osteoarthritis

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32
Q

Reduced height and sudden severe back pain can be due to which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Rickets
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis has no symptoms most of the time. Reduced height and sudden severe back pain suggests collapse of the vertebrae, due to osteoporosis of the vertebrae.

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33
Q

Abnormal bowel permeability and altered gastrointestinal tract flora can be linked to which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Both B and C

A

d. Both B and C

In rheumatoid arthritis, there is an interesting association with abnormal bowel function. The increased bowel permeability, also called leaky gut, allows the liver to form antibodies against food and bacterial antigens. These may cross-react with joint tissue. Many rheumatoid patients also have altered bacterial flora with overgrowth in the small intestines.

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34
Q

Which of the following conditions is usually without symptoms until severe backache or hip fracture occurs?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Fibromyalgia
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

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35
Q

True or False

The skull is formed by endochondral ossification.

A

False

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36
Q

The cheekbone is called the

a. zygomatic
b. maxilla
c. mandible
d. none of the above

A

a. zygomatic

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37
Q

Which of the following is not true of calcitonin?

a. It is made in the thyroid gland.
b. It increases blood calcium.
c. It decreases blood calcium.
d. In increases calcium in the bone.

A

b. It increases blood calcium.

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38
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

a. Movement
b. Calcium storage
c. Blood cell formation
d. All of the above are functions of the skeletal system.

A

d. All of the above are functions of the skeletal system.

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39
Q

True or False

The carpals are the bones of the hand.

A

False.

Carpals are the bones of the wrist.

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40
Q

True or False

A diarthrotic joint is a freely moving joint.

A

True

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41
Q

Which of the following is not true of the male skeleton?

a. The bones tend to be larger than the female skeleton.
b. The pelvic opening is wider than the female pelvic opening.
c. The markings on the bones are larger and more distinct than in the female.
d. All of the above are true of the male skeleton.

A

b. The pelvic opening is wider than the female pelvic opening.

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42
Q

True or False

The indentation in the femur where the patella or kneecap fits is called the acetabulum.

A

False

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43
Q

The condition which is caused by continuous wearing away of the cartilage in the joint, and is found more commonly in the elderly is called

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatism

A

b. Osteoarthritis

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44
Q

Weight reduction and an alkaline diet is helpful for

a. Arthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Osteomalacia
d. Osteoporosis

A

a. Arthritis

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45
Q

A Bone Mass Density test known as a Dexascan is the most reliable technique to assess which of the following conditions?

a. Lumbago
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Muscle cramps
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

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46
Q

Severe joint pain with considerable inflammation that begins in the small joints is characteristic of which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Fibromyalgia
d. Osteoporosis

A

b. Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis may begin with fever, fatigue and a mild joint pain which progresses to severe pain, starting with the small joints and spreading to all joints.

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47
Q

True or False

The bones of the middle ear are part of the axial skeleton.

A

True

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48
Q

True or False

In the adult skeleton, the function of hematopoiesis occurs in the medullary canal.

A

False

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49
Q

The total number of phalanges in the body is

a. 14
b. 28
c. 56
d. 84

A

c. 56

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50
Q

True or False

A joint with no movement is called a synarthrotic joint.

A

True

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51
Q

True or False

A bursa is a shock-absorbing pocket of fluid found in some joints.

A

True

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52
Q

The bone at the back of the skull is called the

a. temporal
b. parietal
c. sphenoid
d. none of the above

A

d. none of the above

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53
Q

The specific condition in which there is pain in the joints, such as the knees, particularly in damp and cold weather, in the morning or after strenuous activity is

a. rheumatoid arthritis
b. osteoarthritis
c. osteoporosis
d. rheumatism

A

b. osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis causes stiffness in the body with pain in the joints, particularly in damp and cold weather, in the morning or after strenuous activity. The knees and the spine are common places for osteoarthritis.

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54
Q

True or False: Willow bark may cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to aspirin.

A

True: Salicylate-containing herbs such as willow bark, meadowsweet, and wintergreen may cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to aspirin.

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55
Q

True or False: High levels of dietary intake of omega fatty acids are helpful for joint pain and inflammation.

A

True. Fish with high levels of omega fatty acids such as salmon and tuna are helpful to reduce inflammation. Olive oil, flaxseed, and avocados are good sources for strict vegetarians.

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56
Q

Most of the time, this condition has no symptoms. However, falls are more likely to result in broken bones, one of the more serious being hip fractures.

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatism

A

c. Osteoporosis

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57
Q

Which of the following reduces the angle to a joint?

a. Flexion
b. Rotation
c. Abduction
d. Extension
e. Adduction
f. Circumduction

A

a. Flexion

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58
Q

True or False: Both bone and cartilage are examples of connective tissue.

A

True

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59
Q

True or False: To increase the angle of a joint is the definition of flexion.

A

False

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60
Q

True or False: The calcified rings of compact bone are called canaliculi.

A

False

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61
Q

Which of the following is a good support option for arthritis?

a. Foods rich in folic acid, such as lentils, split peas, barley, alfalfa, soy, and oats.
b. Moderate exercise each day to strengthen and tone the area. Posture is also important.
c. Herbs high in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
d. Plenty of sunshine, as ultraviolet radiation activates the conversion of natural substances in the skin to produce vitamin D.

A

a. Foods rich in folic acid, such as lentils, split peas, barley, alfalfa, soy, and oats.

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62
Q

Post-menopausal women is the group most affected by which of the following conditions?

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Osteoporosis
d. Osteomalacia

A

c. Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is decreases mineralization of the bone – where the cortical bone diminishes but the spongy bone remains. It occurs more in postmenopausal women because of the loss of estrogen. However, it can also occur in men over 50.

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63
Q

True or False: It is the sulfur content in garlic and onions that make them helpful for inflammation.

A

True. The sulfur content in garlic, Allium sativum, and onions is also helpful for inflammation. Sulfur supports the liver’s ability to eliminate toxins.

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64
Q

True or False: The ribs that individually attach to a costal cartilage and then to the sternum are called true ribs.

A

True

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65
Q

True or False: Clients who have had prolonged cortisone or aspirin drug therapy can stop their medication and use herbs instead.

A

False. Remember that natural health consultants cannot recommend clients change their prescribed medications. This is especially important for clients who have had prolonged cortisone or aspirin drug therapy. They should never be advised to stop their medication, as severe adverse reactions may occur.

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66
Q

Which of the following conditions is characterized by mild early-morning stiffness and pain in joints made worse by prolonged activity?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Fibromyalgia
d. Osteoporosis

A

a. Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is also referred to as degenerative joint disease because of the loss of cartilage in the joints and subsequent bony swellings.

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67
Q

True or False: The sternum is also called the breastbone.

A

True

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68
Q

True or False: Between the two diaphyses of a long bone is the epiphysis.

A

False

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69
Q

Which herb is a good source of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium?

a. alfalfa
b. blue cohosh
c. evening primrose
d. willow

A

a. alfalfa

Support for osteoporosis should include herbs high in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, such as oatstraw, parsley, alfalfa, nettle, and horsetail.

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70
Q

Weight-bearing exercise (such as walking or weight lifting) is helpful specifically for which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Rickets
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

Exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise, such as walking or weight lifting, has been shown to be helpful for osteoporosis by stimulating the production of new bone.

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71
Q

True or False: To increase the angle of a joint is the definition of flexion.

A

False

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72
Q

The best thing a person can do to strengthen their bones is to…

a. decrease soft drink consumption
b. quit smoking
c. reduce salt intake
d. get physical activity

A

d. get physical activity

Although lifestyle and nutritional factors are helpful, the best thing a person can do specifically to strengthen their bones is to exercise. However, all of these answers are correct for overall health and are all important for an overall wellness regime.

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73
Q

Which of the following conditions is due to decreased mineralization of the bone?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Rheumatoid arthritis
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is decreased mineralization of the bone – where the cortical bone diminishes but the spongy bone remains.

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74
Q

In order to avoid constipation, you should drink at least six to eight glasses of pure water daily and increase fiber intake gradually to _____ grams per day.

a. 5
b. 15
c. 35
d. 65

A

c. 35

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75
Q

Which of the following vitamins can cause facial flushing?

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin E
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin C

A

c. Niacin

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76
Q

Stress reduction techniques may be helpful for…

a. acne.
b. eczema.
c. both acne and eczema.
d. None of the above.

A

c. both acne and eczema.

Stress is implicated in many aspects of ill health, including skin problems.

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77
Q

True or False: Acne is more common among females during puberty than males.

A

False. Acne is dependent upon the androgenic hormones, like testosterone, so it is the most common among males during puberty.

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78
Q

Which of the following vitamins can be applied to the skin to reduce scarring?

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin E
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin C

A

b. Vitamin E

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79
Q

Women may notice a return of acne during ______.

a. Ovulation
b. Menopause
c. Nursing
d. None of the above.

A

b. Menopause

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80
Q

True or False: Strong, tough collagen fibers can be found in both the dermis and epidermis of the skin.

A

False

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81
Q

True or False: Sebaceous glands produce an oil for the skin called sebum.

A

True

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82
Q

An example of a cutaneous membrane would be

a. the lining of the abdomen
b. the covering of the lung
c. skin
d. the lining of a joint

A

c. skin

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83
Q

True or False: Hair that is frequently cut or shaved will grow in faster and darker than it would if it had not been cut or shaved frequently.

A

False

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84
Q

The “rule of nines”

a. is a method of determining the severity of burns.
b. consists of nine areas of the body, each covering about 11% of the body.
c. consists of 11 areas of the body, each covering about 9% of the body.
d. Both A and B.

A

c. consists of 11 areas of the body, each covering 9% of the body.

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85
Q

True or False: Synovial membranes line the spaces between bones and joints.

A

True

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86
Q

True or False: If the volume of blood to skin increases, the skin will turn pink, a condition called cyanosis.

A

False

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87
Q

True or False: The eyelid is an example of a mucocutaneous junction.

A

True

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88
Q

True or False: Melanocytes produce the brown pigment melanin.

A

True

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89
Q

True or False: When the body is cold, blood vessels in the skin dilate and allow more blood to come through to warm up the skin.

A

False

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90
Q

True or False: Both the dermis and epidermis contain layers of tightly packed cells.

A

False

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91
Q

True or False: Synovial membranes are made of connective tissue with a thin epithelial surface.

A

False

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92
Q

True or False: The mouth is inferior to the chin.

A

False. The mouth is superior (above) the chin.

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93
Q

True or False: Because humans walk upright, dorsal and posterior mean the same thing.

A

True.

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94
Q

The heart is an example of this level or organization

a. Tissue
b. Organ
c. Organ system
d. Organism

A

b. Organ

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95
Q

True or False: In the negative feedback loop, the effector is the link between the sensor and the control center.

A

False. The effector is the link between the integrator (the brain/control center) and the disturbance.

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96
Q

A cut dividing the body into right and left portions is called a

a. sagittal section
b. frontal section
c. transverse section
d. coronal section

A

a. sagittal section

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97
Q

The term most opposite medial is

a. dorsal
b. lateral
c. superficial
d. none of the above

A

b. lateral

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98
Q

True or False: The upper abdominopelvic area consists of the right and left hypogastric and the epigastric regions.

A

False. The upper abdominopelvic region contains right and left hypochondriac regions and the epigastric region.

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99
Q

True or False: The hand is distal to the elbow.

A

True

Distal = away from or farthest from.

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100
Q

True or False: If the effects of a drug are being tested by a scientific experiment, two groups would be used: a group that gets the drug and a group that gets an inactive substance. The group that gets the inactive substance is called the control group.

A

True

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101
Q

True or False: The epigastric, umbilical, and left lumbar regions are all in the middle abdominopelvic area.

A

False

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102
Q

The reference position for all body directional terms is the

a. anatomical position
b. prone position
c. supine position
d. sitting position

A

a. anatomical position

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103
Q

True or False: When reading a compass rosette in a figure, the letter P opposite the letter D stands for posterior.

A

False

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104
Q

True or False: The two major cavities of the body are the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

A

False. The two major cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.

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105
Q

True or False: The sensor in a feedback loop compares the actual condition to the “normal” condition the body tries to maintain.

A

False. The sensor in a feedback loop detects change. The control center makes the comparison.

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106
Q

True or False: The head and trunk are part of the axial body portion.

A

True

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107
Q

A scientific experiment testing a new drug used two groups, one getting the drug and one getting the sugar pill. The group getting the sugar pill is the

a. test group
b. hypothesis group
c. control group
d. observational group

A

c. control group

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108
Q

True or False: The mediastinum is in both the ventral and thoraic cavities.

A

True.

The ventral cavity includes the thoraic and abdominopelvic cavities. The mediastinum is a subdivision of the thoraic cavity.

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109
Q

True or False: The sensor in a negative feedback loop detects a change in the regulated condition.

A

True

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110
Q

True or False: The nose is superior to the mouth.

A

True.

Superior means “toward the head” or “upper” or “above”.

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111
Q

The lower abdominopelvic regions include the

a. right and left iliac and umbilical
b. right and left lumbar and epigastric
c. right and left lumbar and hypogastric
d. right and left iliac and hypogastric

A

d. right and left iliac and hypogastric

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112
Q

The smallest living unit of structure is considered to be at the

a. chemical level
b. cellular level
c. organ level
d. tissue level

A

b. cellular level

Cells are considered to be the smallest “living” structure. p. 6

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113
Q

True or False: Anterior and proximal are opposite terms.

A

False.

Anterior and posterior are opposite terms, as are proximal and distal.

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114
Q

True or False: The nose is on the anterior side of the body.

A

True.

Anterior means front. p. 7

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115
Q

Using the maintaining of a constant temperature in a building as an example of a feedback loop, the thermometer would be an example of a(n)

a. sensor
b. control center
c. effector
d. positive feedback loop

A

a. sensor

See Feedback Control, p. 14

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116
Q

The brain is in the

a. ventral cavity
b. cranial cavity
c. mediastinum
d. none of the above

A

b. cranial cavity

See Dorsal cavities, p. 9

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117
Q

True or False: The single method used for all scientific investigation is called the scientific method.

A

False.

There is no singular method for scientific investigation, p. 4

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118
Q

A frontal section through the head would divide

a. the forehead from the chin
b. the nose from the back of the head
c. the right eye from the left eye
d. none of the above

A

b. the nose from the back of the head

The frontal plane is a lengthwise plant that runs from side to side. It divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

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119
Q

The term most opposite medial is

a. dorsal
b. lateral
c. superficial
d. none of the above

A

b. lateral

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120
Q

A scientific experiment testing a new drug used two groups, one getting the drug and one getting a sugar pill. If the two groups had the same result, it would indicate

a. the drug was safe and effective
b. the drug was ineffective because it did no better than the sugar pill
c. the experiment was a failure and no information could be gained
d. both B and C

A

b. the drug was ineffective because it did no better than the sugar pill

Review Scientific Method, p. 4

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121
Q

True or False: Both phospholipids and cholesterol are structural components of the cell membrane.

A

True.

Phospholipids and cholesterol combine to stabilize the bilayer structure of a membrane.

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122
Q

True or False: In the process of hydrolysis, a molecule of water is broken down to hydrogen and oxygen.

A

True.

Hydrolysis is a reaction caused by water itself – the water causes the disruption of bonds in large molecules.

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123
Q

True or False: Glucose is used by the body as a source of energy.

A

True.

Glucose is an important monosaccharide in the body – cells use it as their primary energy source. p. 30

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124
Q

True or False: The proton of the atom is found in orbitals around the nucleus.

A

False.

The nucleus itself contains protons (and neutrons). The orbitals contain electrons.

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125
Q

Which of the following has uracil as one of its nucleotides?

a. DNA
b. RNA
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A or B

A

b. RNA

Review nucleic acids, p. 32

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126
Q

The atomic mass of an atom is equal to the number of

a. electrons
b. neutrons
c. protons
d. both b and c

A

d. both b and c

Atomic mass = the number of protons and neutrons (found in the nucleus) combined.

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127
Q

Organic compounds must contain

a. oxygen
b. carbon-oxygen bonds
c. hydrogen-oxygen bonds
d. none of the above

A

d. none of the above

Organic compounds contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds, carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds, or both.

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128
Q

True or False: The ions that are dissolved in water are called electrolytes.

A

True

Review ionic bonds, p. 25

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129
Q

Which of the following organs help maintain the proper pH of body fluids?

a. Kidneys by forming urine
b. Lungs by exhaling carbon dioxide
c. Spleen by filtering the blood
d. Both a and b

A

d. Both a and b

See homeostasis of pH, p. 29

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130
Q

Which of the following acts as a chemical catalyst?

a. DNA
b. RNA
c. Enzymes
d. Phospholipids

A

c. Enzymes

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131
Q

Which of the following is not true of enzymes?

a. They function on the lock and key model.
b. They are functional proteins.
c. They are catalysts.
d. All of the above are true.

A

d. All of the above are true.

Review proteins, p. 32

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132
Q

True or False: In dehydration synthesis reactions, smaller reactants are joined to form a larger product.

A

True

Review water chemistry, p. 27

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133
Q

Which of the following is an example of a structural protein?

a. Enzymes
b. Collagen
c. Glycogen
d. None of the above

A

b. Collagen

Review proteins, p. 31-32

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134
Q

Which of the following carries a negative electrical charge?

a. Proton
b. Neutron
c. Electron
d. Both proton and neutron

A

c. Electron

Review atoms, p. 23

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135
Q

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

a. Glucose
b. Sucrose
c. Starch
d. Glycogen

A

b. Sucrose

See Table 2-3, p. 29

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136
Q

Which of the following is a lipid that can be found along with cholesterol in the cell membrane?

a. Triglycerides
b. Phospholipids
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a or b

A

b. Phospholipids

Review lipids, p. 31

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137
Q

In a dehydration synthesis reaction:

a. hydrogen and oxygen are removed from the reactants
b. water is added to the reactants
c. water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen
d. both a and c

A

a. hydrogen and oxygen are removed from the reactants

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138
Q

This modified nucleotide plays an important role in energy transfer in the body.

a. adenosine triphosphate
b. enzymes
c. mRNA
d. glycoproteins

A

a. adenosine triphosphate

Review nucleic acids, p. 33

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139
Q

True or False: Cholesterol is an important source of energy for the body.

A

False

Carbohydrates are an important energy source for the body. Cholesterol is a steroid lipid that combines with phospholipids in the membrane to stabilize its bilayer structure. It also helps to create steroid hormones.

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140
Q

This molecule is found in DNA but not RNA.

a. guanine
b. thymine
c. uracil
d. adenine

A

b. thymine

Both DNA and RNA use the same bases, except RNA substitutes uracil for thymine.

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141
Q

True or False: The first energy level of an atom is closest to the nucleus and is the lowest energy level.

A

True.

Orbitals are known as energy levels. The energy level closest to the nucleus has one orbital, so it can only hold two electrons.

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142
Q

Which of the following is a structural protein?

a. Hormones
b. Collagen
c. Growth factor
d. Enzymes

A

b. Collagen

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143
Q

True or False: The bonds that join amino acids together to form a protein are called peptide bonds.

A

True

Review proteins, p. 31

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144
Q

Which of the following lipids do not contain fatty acids?

a. Phospholipids
b. Cholesterol
c. Triglycerides
d. Both a and b

A

b. Cholesterol

p. 30-31

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145
Q

The second energy level of an atom

a. as four orbitals
b. can hold eight electrons
c. is a lower energy level than the first energy level
d. both a and b

A

d. both a and b

Review atoms, p. 24

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146
Q

True or False: An atom with 15 protons and 15 electrons would have an atomic mass of 30.

A

False

Atomic mass is calculated by adding protons and neutrons. With the information provided, you can only calculate the atomic number (15).

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147
Q

If an atom had 20 protons and 18 electrons, it would

a. have a negative 2 charge
b. have a plus 2 charge
c. be attracted to a positively charged ion
d. both a and c

A

b. have a plus 2 charge

If a molecule has more protons than electrons, it has a positive charge. In this case, it has two more protons than electrons.

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148
Q

Low blood pH results in a condition called

a. alkalosis
b. acidosis
c. atherosclerosis
d. hydrolysis

A

b. acidosis

See homeostasis of pH, p. 29

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149
Q

True or False: Glucose is used by the body as a source of energy.

A

True

Glucose is an important monosaccharide in the body – cells use it as their primary energy source. p. 30

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150
Q

True or False: Phospholipids and triglycerides both contain fatty acids.

A

True

Review lipids, p. 30

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151
Q

True or False: Atom X has eight electrons, two in its first energy level and six in its second energy level. It would most likely form an ion with a plus-two charge.

A

False

Ions form when an atom gives or loses an electron in it’s outer shell. Atom X would need to gain 2 electrons to become stable. Atom X would be known as a negative ion (because it gained electrons).

152
Q

True or False: Ligaments attach muscle to bone.

A

False

Tendons attach muscles to bones.

153
Q

True or False: The thoraic duct helps return lymph to the blood.

A

True

154
Q

The endocrine gland not located in the skull is the

a. pineal gland
b. thymus gland
c. pituitary gland
d. hypothalamus

A

b. thymus gland

155
Q

The urinary system does not

a. clean the blood of metabolic waste
b. clean the blood of digestive waste
c. maintain acid-base balance
d. maintain electrolyte balance

A

b. clean the blood of digestive waste

156
Q

True or False: To emphasize its location between cells, matrix is also called intracellular matrix.

A

False

Matrix is also called ECM, or extra-cellular matrix.

157
Q

What tissue contains few cells found in intercellular material called matrix?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

b. connective tissue

158
Q

What type of tissue is bone tissue?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

b. connective tissue

159
Q

What type of tissue is hematopoietic tissue?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

b. connective tissue

160
Q

Chromosomes align themselves in the center of the cell during

a. interphase
b. prophase
c. metaphase
d. telophase

A

c. metaphase

p. 57

161
Q

True or False: Thin, threadlike filaments called microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton.

A

True

162
Q

True or False: A cell put in a hypertonic solution would take in water.

A

False

A hypertonic solution has a higher level of salt, so water would be lost from the cell. p. 50

163
Q

True or False: Mucus is an example of a Golgi apparatus product.

A

True

p. 45-46

164
Q

The structure that is NOT an accessory organ of the female reproductive system is

a. ovaries
b. fallopian tubes
c. mammary glands
d. uterus

A

a. ovaries

The ovaries are female gonads – these are essential to the reproduction of offspring.

165
Q

The function of transfer RNA is to

a. bring the ribosome to the ER
b. bring the messenger RNA to the ribosome
c. bring the RNA to the DNA for transcription
d. bring amino acids to the ribosome

A

d. bring amino acids to the ribosome

p. 56

166
Q

Stratified squamous tissue is an example of

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

a. epithelial tissue

p. 69-70

167
Q

The following is NOT one of the main parts of a cell.

a. plasma membrane
b. interstitial fluid
c. cytoplasm
d. nucleus

A

b. interstitial fluid

The three main parts of a cell include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

168
Q

Axons and dendrites usually are found in cells of which tissue?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

d. nervous tissue

p. 78-79

169
Q

What type of tissue are neurons?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

d. nervous tissue

p. 78-79

170
Q

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is a process called

a. osmosis
b. dialysis
c. filtration
d. pinocytosis

A

a. osmosis

p. 50

171
Q

True or False: The ribosomes are the “power plants” of the cells.

A

False

Mitochondria are the “power plants” of a cell. Review Table 3-1 on p. 44.

172
Q

True or False: Carbohydrate chains in the cell membrane are used as identification tags for a cell.

A

True

Review plasma membrane, p. 42-43

173
Q

True or False: Transcription occurs at the ribosome.

A

False

Transcription occurs within the nucleus of a cell. Review protein synthesis, p. 55.

174
Q

True or False: The pineal gland is an endocrine gland found in the neck.

A

False.

It is in the skull.

175
Q

The functions of the nervous system include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. regulation of the immune response
b. integration of body function
c. control of body function
d. all of the above are functions of the nervous system

A

a. regulation of the immune response

The primary functions of the nervous system include communication to and from body organs, integration of body functions, control of body functions, and detection of sensory stimuli. The immune system regulates the immune response.

176
Q

The endocrine gland not located in the skull is the

a. pineal gland
b. thymus gland
c. pituitary gland
d. hypothalamus

A

b. thymus gland

177
Q

True or False: The urinary system plays an important role in water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

A

True

178
Q

The structure in the male reproductive system that produces fluid and nutrients is the

a. prostate gland
b. penis
c. testes
d. scrotum

A

a. prostate gland

179
Q

Which tissue forms a continuous sheet of cells with no blood vessels?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

a. epithelial tissue

180
Q

Cells of which tissue have the ability to shorten?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

c. muscle tissue

181
Q

Which of these fibers founds in the matrix gives the tissues the ability to stretch and rebound easily?

a. collagen
b. proteoglycans
c. reticular
d. elastin

A

d. elastin

p. 74

182
Q

True or False: The brain is the only organ of the nervous system.

A

False

183
Q

The largest structural unit of the body is

a. an organ system
b. an organ
c. tissue
d. cells

A

a. an organ system

184
Q

True or False: The muscles found in blood vessel walls, the stomach, and the small intestine are smooth muscle.

A

True

185
Q

True or False: The most abundant tissue in the body is muscle tissue.

A

False

186
Q

True or False: Control of body functions and recognition of sensory stimuli are two functions of the nervous system.

A

True

187
Q

Which organelle contains nucleic acids?

a. Ribosomes
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Mitochondria
d. Both a and c

A

d. Both a and c

Review sections on ribosomes and mitochondria, p. 44-46.

188
Q

True or False: Mitosis results in two identical cells.

A

True

p. 57

189
Q

True or False: The function of the endoplasmic reticulum depends on whether it is smooth or rough.

A

True

Rough ER receives, folds, and transports newly made proteins. Smooth ER makes a new membrane. See section on endoplasmic reticulum, p. 44-45.

190
Q

True or False: Filtration uses hydrostatic pressure to move material through a membrane.

A

True

p. 51

191
Q

Because of complementary base pairing, if one side of a DNA molecule was ATCCGTAATC, the messenger RNA strand would be

a. ATCCGTAATC
b. AUCCGCUAATC
c. UAGGCAUUAG
d. TAGGCATTAG

A

c. UAGGCAUUAG

Remember, substitute the uracil for thymine with RNA. ATCCGTAATC would bind as follows:
A binds to U
T binds to A
C binds to G
C binds to G
G binds to C
T binds to A
A binds to U
A binds to U
T binds to A
C binds to G
192
Q

The organelles that are the “digestive bags” of the cell are the

a. flagella
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. lysosomes

A

d. lysosomes

p. 46

193
Q

In a cell, the fluid within the cell membrane is called __________ and the fluid outside the cell membrane is called __________.

a. cytoplasm, interstitial fluid
b. interstitial fluid, tissue fluid
c. tissue fluid, interstitial fluid
d. interstitial fluid, cytoplasm

A

a. cytoplasm, interstitial fluid

See composition, p. 42

194
Q

Which tissue specializes in movement of the body?

a. Epithelial tissue
b. Connective tissue
c. Muscle tissue
d. Nervous tissue

A

c. Muscle tissue

p. 77

195
Q

Smooth, striated, and cardiac are examples of

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

c. muscle tissue

p. 77-78

196
Q

Which tissue is subdivided according to the shape and the arrangement of cells?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

a. epithelial tissue

p. 69

197
Q

What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

b. connective tissue

p. 73

198
Q

True or False: A flat, scalelike epithelial cell would be called a squamous cell.

A

True

Review shape of cells, p. 69

199
Q

True or False: An important part of muscle tissue is the matrix found in between cells.

A

False

The matrix between cells would be most important in connective tissue. p. 68

200
Q

Adipose and areolar tissue are examples of

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

b. connective tissue

p. 74

201
Q

Areolar, blood, bone, and cartilage are all examples of what type of tissue

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue

A

b. connective tissue

202
Q

True or False: The pancreas is an endocrine gland found in the abdominal cavity.

A

True

203
Q

True or False: Iron and potassium are two major minerals stored in bone.

A

False

204
Q

True or False: The liver is one of the organs that form the gastrointestinal tract.

A

False

205
Q

True or False: The main function of the skin is to assist in the control of body temperature.

A

False

206
Q

Urine is carried from the kidney to the bladder by the

a. ureter
b. urethra
c. bronchiole
d. none of the above

A

a. ureter

207
Q

Acne is an inflammatory disease of the ski, caused by changes in the __________.

a. hair follicle
b. sebaceous gland
c. sweat glands
d. both a and b

A

d. both a and b

208
Q

Dry skin brushing is helpful for…

a. elimination
b. lymphatic filtration
c. poor circulation
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

209
Q

True or False: A body in a supine position has its dorsal side to the ground.

A

True.

Supine = face upward.

210
Q

True or False: The bones of the arm are superficial to the muscles of the arm.

A

False.

Superficial = near the surface.

211
Q

True or False: In one square inch of skin, there are about twice as many pressure sensors as heat sensors.

A

True

212
Q

True or False: Mucous membranes are all made of squamous epithelial tissue attached to a basement membrane.

A

True

Serous membranes are composed of two distinct layers of tissue, including a thin layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue and a glue-like basement layer that supports the epithelial cells.

213
Q

True or False: The parietal and visceral pleurae are actually two parts of a single, continuous membrane.

A

True

214
Q

True or False: Malignant melanoma has been linked to exposure to the ultraviolet radiation of the sun.

A

True

215
Q

The layer that is below the dermis and contains fat and blood vessels is called the

a. dermal papillae
b. stratum germinativum
c. stratum corneum
d. subcutaneous layer

A

d. subcutaneous layer

216
Q

Which of the following is not a function of skin?

a. Protection
b. Temperature regulation
c. Sense organ for the body
d. All of the above are functions of skin

A

d. All of the above are functions of skin

217
Q

Of the following, acne is most likely to occur during __________.

a. childhood
b. puberty
c. old age
d. infancy

A

b. puberty

Acne generally occurs during puberty, or at any time when hormone levels responsible for the secretion of sebum are at their peak.

218
Q

Which of the following skin conditions has been related to eating certain foods?

a. acne
b. eczema
c. both acne and eczema
d. none of the above

A

c. both acne and eczema

219
Q

The part of the hair that begins from a small, cap-shaped cluster of cells is called the

a. hair follicle
b. hair shaft
c. hair papilla
d. none of the above

A

c. hair papilla

220
Q

True or False: Both melanin and keratin are important in the protective function of skin.

A

True

221
Q

This type of membrane is composed of only one kind of tissue

a. mucous
b. cutaneous
c. synovial
d. serous

A

c. synovial

222
Q

Pleurisy and peritonitis

a. occur in the chest cavity wall or the lung surface
b. refer to the inflammation of a serous membrane
c. refer to the inflammation of a mucous membrane
d. both a and b above

A

b. refer to the inflammation of a serous membrane

Pleurisy is a painful condition characterized by inflammation of the serous membranes. Peritonitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity.

223
Q

Which of the following is a common cause of acne?

a. constipation
b. sluggish liver and kidneys
c. inadequate diet
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

224
Q

True or False: The word “articulation” is another word for joint.

A

True

225
Q

The two bones of the lower arm are the

a. tibia and fibula
b. femur and humerus
c. ulna and radius
d. none of the above

A

c. ulna and radius

226
Q

True or False: There are more bones in the axial skeleton than in the appendicular skeleton.

A

False

227
Q

The tarsals are the bones of the

a. wrist
b. foot
c. ankle
d. none of the above

A

c. ankle

228
Q

Which of the following is not true of calcitonin?

a. It is made in the thyroid gland
b. It increases blood calcium
c. It decreases blood calcium
d. It increases calcium in the bone

A

b. It increases blood calcium

229
Q

True or False: The tibia and fibula are bones of the lower leg.

A

True

230
Q

Which of the following statements is not true of ribs?

a. All ribs attach to vertebrae.
b. All ribs attach to the sternum.
c. There are three pairs of false ribs.
d. All of the above are true of ribs.

A

b. All ribs attach to the sternum.

231
Q

True or False: A diarthrotic joint is a freely moving joint.

A

True

232
Q

True or False: Like bone cells, cartilage cells are located in lacunae.

A

True

233
Q

True or False: The lacuna is a large canal in the center of the osteon that contains a blood vessel.

A

False

234
Q

True or False: To move a part of the body toward the midline is called adduction.

A

True

235
Q

The indentation in the femur where the patella or kneecap fits is called the acetabulum.

A

False

236
Q

True or False: The skull is formed by endochondral ossification.

A

False

237
Q

The nightshade vegetables – tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper – are also known to contribute to which of the following in sensitive individuals?

a. Bone loss
b. Loss of height
c. Joint inflammation
d. Muscle cramps

A

c. Joint inflammation

Food and substance allergies can exacerbate arthritis and should be identified and avoided. Common food allergies are milk, beef, corn, and wheat, and common substances are dust, mold, and pollen. The nightshade vegetables – tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper – are also known to contribute to joint inflammation in sensitive individuals.

238
Q

What support option slows the rate of osteoporosis by 30-50% and protects against hip fracture?

a. High protein diet
b. Boron supplements
c. Calcium supplementation
d. Vitamin K supplementation

A

c. Calcium supplementation

239
Q

This condition usually affects people in the 30-40 age group and is more common in women. It destroys the cartilage and tissues, both in and around the joint, and can destroy the bone surface itself.

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatism

A

a. Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition. Inflammation causes scar tissue in the joints which may even fuse.

240
Q

The condition which is caused by continuous wearing away of the cartilage in the joint, and is found more commonly in the elderly is called

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatism

A

b. Osteoarthritis

241
Q

Reduced height and sudden severe back pain can be due to which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Rickets
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis has no symptoms most of the time. Reduced height and sudden severe back pain suggests collapse of the vertebrae, due to osteoporosis of the vertebrae.

242
Q

Abnormal bowel permeability and altered gastrointestinal tract flora can be linked to which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Osteoporosis
b. Both b and c

A

d. Both b and c

243
Q

Which of the following conditions is usually without symptoms until severe backache or hip fracture occurs?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Fibromyalgia
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

244
Q

The total number of phalanges in the body is

a. 14
b. 28
c. 56
d. 84

A

c. 56

245
Q

True or False: The carpals are the bones of the hand.

A

False

246
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the male skeleton?

a. The bones tend to be larger than the female skeleton.
b. The pelvic opening is wider than the female pelvic opening.
c. The markings on the bones are larger and more distinct than in the female.
d. All of the above are true of the male skeleton.

A

b. The pelvic opening is wider than the female pelvic opening.

247
Q

The tarsals are the bones of the

a. wrist
b. foot
c. ankle
d. none of the above

A

c. ankle

248
Q

The cheekbone is called the

a. zygomatic
b. maxilla
c. mandible
d. none of the above

A

a. zygomatic

249
Q

True or False: A bursa is a shock-absorbing pocket of fluid found in some joints.

A

True

250
Q

True or False: A joint with no movement is called a synarthrotic joint.

A

True

251
Q

The specific condition in which there is pain in the joints, such as the knees, particularly in damp and cold weather, in the morning or after strenuous activity is

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatism

A

b. Osteoarthritis

252
Q

Post-menopausal women is the group most affected by which of the following conditions?

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Osteoporosis
d. Osteomalacia

A

c. Osteoporosis

253
Q

Weight bearing exercise (such as walking or weight lifting) is helpful specifically for which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Rickets
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

254
Q

Most of the time, this condition has no symptoms. However, falls are more likely to result in broken bones, one of the more serious being hip fractures.

a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatism

A

c. Osteoporosis

255
Q

Which of the following is a good support plan for arthritis?

a. Foods rich in folic acid, such as lentils, split peas, barley, alfalfa, soy, and oats.
b. Moderate exercise each day to strengthen and tone the area. Posture is also important.
c. Herbs high in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
d. Plenty of sunshine, as ultraviolet radiation activates the conversion of natural substances in the skin that produce vitamin D.

A

a. Foods rich in folic acid, such as lentils, split peas, barley, alfalfa, soy, and oats.

Foods rich in folic acid are helpful for join inflammation.

256
Q

Abnormal bowel permeability and altered gastrointestinal tract flora can be linked to which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Both b and c

A

d. Both b and c

257
Q

True or False: The calcified rings of compact bone are called canaliculi.

A

False

258
Q

True or False: Both bone and cartilage are examples of connective tissue.

A

True

259
Q

True or False: To increase the angle of a joint is the definition of flexion.

A

False

260
Q

True or False: The ribs that individually attach to a costal cartilage and then to the sternum are called true ribs.

A

True

261
Q

True or False: Between the two diaphyses of a long bone is the epiphysis.

A

False

262
Q

True or False: Clients who have had prolonged cortisone or aspirin drug therapy can stop their medication and use herbs instead.

A

False

263
Q

Which of the following conditions is due to decreased mineralization of the bone?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Lumbago
c. Rheumatoid arthritis
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

264
Q

True or False: The sternum is also called the breastbone.

A

True

265
Q

True or False: The bones of the middle ear are part of the axial skeleton.

A

True

266
Q

The best thing a person can do to strengthen their bones is to…

a. decrease soft drink consumption.
b. quit smoking.
c. reduce salt intake.
d. get physical activity.

A

d. get physical activity.

267
Q

True or False: Willow bark may cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to aspirin.

A

True

Salicylate-containing herbs such as willow bark, meadowsweet, and wintergreen may cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to aspirin.

268
Q

Which herb is a good source of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium?

a. alfalfa
b. blue cohosh
c. evening primrose
d. willow

A

a alfalfa

Support for osteoporosis should include herbs high in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, such as oatstraw, parsley, alfalfa, nettle, and horsetail.

269
Q

Which of the following reduces the angle of a joint?

a. Flexion
b. Rotation
c. Abduction
d. Extension
e. Adduction
f. Circumduction

A

a. Flexion

270
Q

Which of the following condition is characterized by mild early-morning stiffness and pain in joints made worse by prolonged activity?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Fibromyalgia
d. Osteoporosis

A

a. Osteoarthritis

271
Q

Severe joint pain with considerable inflammation that begins in the small joints is characteristic of which of the following conditions?

a. Osteoarthritis
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Fibromyalgia
d. Osteoporosis

A

a. Osteoarthritis

272
Q

True or False: In the adult skeleton, the function of hematopoiesis occurs in the medullary canal.

A

False

273
Q

The bone at the back of the skull is called the

a. temporal
b. parietal
c. sphenoid
d. none of the above

A

d. none of the above

274
Q

True or False: High levels of dietary intake of omega fatty acids are helpful for joint pain and inflammation.

A

True

Fish with high levels of omega fatty acids such as salmon and tuna are helpful to reduce inflammation. Olive oil, flaxseed, and avocados are good sources for strict vegetarians.

275
Q

Weight reduction and an alkaline diet is helpful for…

a. arthritis.
b. lumbago.
c. osteomalacia.
d. osteoporosis

A

a. arthritis

276
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

a. Movement
b. Calcium storage
c. Blood cell formation
d. All of the above are functions of the skeletal system

A

d. All of the above are functions of the skeletal system.

277
Q

True or False: It is the sulfur content in garlic and onions that make them helpful for inflammation.

A

True

278
Q

A Bone Mass Density test known as a Dexascan is the most reliable technique to assess which of the following conditions?

a. Lumbago
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Muscle cramps
d. Osteoporosis

A

d. Osteoporosis

279
Q

The opposite movement of rotation is

a. Flexion
b. Abduction
c. Pronation
d. None of the above

A

d. None of the above

280
Q

Which of the following muscles is not a muscle of the head and neck?

a. Frontal
b. Masseter
c. Latissimus dorsi
d. Zygomaticus

A

c. Latissimus dorsi

281
Q

True or False: The zygomaticus is sometimes called the “kissing muscle.”

A

False

282
Q

True or False: The production of heat is a function of the muscular system.

A

True

283
Q

True or False: In an isometric contraction, no movement occurs but the muscle tension increases.

A

True

284
Q

The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called

a. a threshold stimulus
b. the all-or-none law
c. twitch contraction
d. tetanic contraction

A

a. a threshold stimulus

285
Q

This is a quick, jerky response to a stimulus seen in isolated muscles but is not important in normal muscle activity.

a. Twitch contraction
b. Tetanic contraction
c. Isometric contraction
d. Isotonic contraction

A

a. Twitch contraction

286
Q

A bursae is a saclike structure that is filled with

a. blood
b. synovial fluid
c. blood plasma
d. lymph

A

b. synovial fluid

287
Q

Moving a part of the body toward the midline of the body is called

a. adduction
b. abduction
c. rotation
d. pronation

A

a. adduction

288
Q

True or False: During strenuous exercise, the muscles’ use of oxygen and nutrients can outstrip the blood’s ability to supply them.

A

True

289
Q

The thick myofilament of the skeletal muscles is made of

a. sarcomere
b. actin
c. myosin
d. Z lines

A

c. myosin

290
Q

True or False: The breakdown of ATP is the energy source that helps supply heat to the body.

A

True

291
Q

Movement around a longitudinal axis is

a. supination
b. rotation
c. dorsiflexion
d. pronation

A

b. rotation

292
Q

Small doses of cramp bark, valerian, or wild yam tincture given hourly will bring relief of

a. osteoporosis
b. osteomalacia
c. muscle cramps
d. rheumatoid arthritis

A

c. muscle cramps

293
Q

Any protocol for lumbago must begin with a thorough understanding of the cause. If the cause is a sprain, chill, tension, or injury, the following will NOT help to alleviate the acute symptoms:

a. Diaphoretic herbs such as elderflower Sambucus nigra
b. Diuretic herbs such as dandelion leaf Taraxacum officiale
c. Hot poultices of bran or flaxseed meal
d. Massage and castor oil packs

A

b. Diuretic herbs such as dandelion leaf Taraxacum officiale

294
Q

Tincture of rue is effective for nerve pain in which condition?

a. arthritis
b. lumbago
c. osteomalacia
d. osteoporosis

A

b. lumbago

295
Q

Cramps are most common ________, particularly after a day of strenuous activity. They are more likely to affect the elderly, the young, or people with arteriosclerosis.

a. in the morning
b. at night
c. at midday

A

b. at night

296
Q

Acute inflammation of the lumbar muscles with extreme pain and tenderness is known as

a. lumbago
b. osteomalacia
c. muscle cramps
d. osteoporosis

A

a. lumbago

297
Q

Frequent drinks of hot diaphoretic herbs, such as elder flower is helpful in which conditions?

a. arthritis
b. lumbago
c. osteomalacia
d. osteoporosis

A

b. lumbago

298
Q

Fibromyalgia is a widespread __________. The pain manifests in tender points found on both sides of the body and above and below the waist. The muscles fatigue easily.

a. pain disorder of the muscles
b. numbness disorder of the skin
c. cardiovascular disorder of the heart

A

a. pain disorder of the muscles

299
Q

True or False: When stimulated, the entire muscle follows the all-or-none law.

A

False

300
Q

The point of contact between the nerve and the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a

a. motor unit
b. neuromuscular junction
c. motor neuron
d. neurotransmitter

A

b. neuromuscular junction

301
Q

Another name for skeletal muscle is

a. cardiac muscle
b. visceral muscle
c. voluntary muscle
d. involuntary muscle

A

c. voluntary muscle

302
Q

True or False: The breakdown of ATP is the energy source that helps supply heat to the body.

A

True

303
Q

According to the sliding filament model, in order for a sarcomere to contract

a. bridges must form between the actin and myosin
b. calcium must be released from the endoplasmic reticulum
c. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) must be broken down for energy
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

304
Q

The thick myofilament of the skeletal muscles is made of

a. sarcomere
b. actin
c. myosin
d. Z lines

A

c. myosin

305
Q

True or False: Another name for aerobic training is strength training.

A

False

306
Q

True or False: When muscles must use energy release that does not require oxygen, the waste product ascorbic acid is produced, which can cause soreness in the muscle.

A

False

307
Q

True or False: Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs that lie between some tendons and bones.

A

True

308
Q

Acute inflammation of the lumbar muscles can be due to a variety of causes, such as:

a. tension
b. sunburn
c. gingivitis
d. nasal infection

A

a. tension

309
Q

In a study published in 2000, researchers concluded that willow bark extract may be useful and safe for

a. lumbago
b. osteomalacia
c. muscle cramps
d. osteoporosis

A

a. lumbago

310
Q

Cramps are generally the result of _________. They may arise from sitting or standing in an unnatural position, which restricts the flow of blood to the extremities.

a. too much vitamin C and calcium
b. relaxation or boredom
c. over-exertion, anxiety, or stress

A

c. over-exertion, anxiety, or stress

311
Q

For internal spasms, use small doses of:

a. St. John’s wort Hypericum perforatum
b. Valerian Valeriana officinalis
c. Corn silk Zea mays
d. Garlic Allium sativum

A

b. Valerian Valeriana officinalis

312
Q

A good support option for lumbago is

a. Foods rich in folic acid are helpful, such as lentils, split peas, barley, alfalfa, soy, and oats.
b. Moderate exercise should be done each day to strengthen and tone the area. Posture is also important.
c. Include herbs high in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
d. Plenty of sunshine is important, as ultraviolet radiation activates the conversion of natural substances in the skin that produce vitamin D.

A

b. Moderate exercise should be done each day to strengthen and tone the area. Posture is also important.

313
Q

True or False: Energy for muscle contraction is provided when ATP is broken down.

A

True

314
Q

True or False: The main function of calcium when it is released into the sarcomere is to assist ATP in energy release.

A

False

315
Q

True or False: Research has shown that prolonged use of anabolic steroids can have severe, even life-threatening, consequences.

A

True

316
Q

Cramps are a sudden, __________, spasm, or seizure of a muscle, usually in the legs or feet.

a. involuntary contraction
b. involuntary stretching/extending
c. involuntary relaxation

A

a. involuntary contraction

317
Q

The risk factors for fibromyalgia include:

a. female
b. infant
c. toddler
d. male

A

a. female

318
Q

Massage with wormwood essential oil or wintergreen essential oil diluted in a base oil is helpful for

a. osteoporosis
b. osteomalacia
c. muscle cramps
d. rheumatoid arthritis

A

c. muscle cramps

319
Q

True or False: Neurons can be classified based on the direction in which they transmit impulses.

A

True

320
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus plays an important part in the arousal or alerting mechanism in the brain.

A

False

321
Q

The brainstem includes the

a. medulla oblongata, pons, and thalamus.
b. medulla oblongata, midbrain, and hypothalamus.
c. pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata.
d. medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum.

A

c. pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata.

322
Q

True or False: The sympathetic nervous system regulates the “fight-or-flight” response.

A

True

323
Q

Neurotransmitters

a. are released by the postsynaptic neuron.
b. are distributed randomly throughout the nervous system.
c. can diffuse back into the synaptic knob.
d. all of the above.

A

c. can diffuse back into synaptic knob.

324
Q

True or False: A blockage of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid can result in a condition called hydrocephalus.

A

True

325
Q

These types of neurons are sometimes called connecting neurons

a. sensory neurons
b. interneurons
c. afferent neurons
d. motor neurons

A

b. interneurons

326
Q

True or False: The two systems involved in body-wide communications are the nervous system and the circulatory system.

A

False

327
Q

True or False: An axon transmits impulses toward the cell body.

A

False

328
Q

True or False: There are two types of cells in the nervous system: neurons and glia cells.

A

True

329
Q

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

a. Helps maintain body temperature.
b. Associates sensation with emotion.
c. Helps regulate water balance.
d. All of the above are functions of the thalamus.

A

b. Associates sensation with emotion.

330
Q

The lobe of the brain that deals with vision is the

a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe

A

c. occipital lobe

331
Q

When a section of the resting neuron is stimulated

a. sodium ions rush into the cell.
b. sodium ions rush out of the cell.
c. the interior of the cell becomes slightly positive.
d. both a and c above.

A

d. both a and c above.

332
Q

Restless legs syndrome can be a cause of…

a. stroke.
b. migraine.
c. insomnia.
d. lymphatic congestion.

A

c. insomnia.

333
Q

Which condition is a medical emergency and must be treated as such?

a. Stroke
b. Insomnia
c. Migraine
d. Otitis media

A

a. Stroke

334
Q

Which nervine, studied in Module 7, is helpful in vertigo and equilibrium disorders?

a. Hops
b. Valerian
c. St. John’s wort
d. Ginkgo

A

d. Ginkgo

335
Q

The German Commission E Monographs list which of the following properties for Ginkgo biloba?

a. Increased memory performance and learning capacity.
b. Improvement in the compensation of disturbed equilibrium.
c. Improvement of blood flow, particularly microcirculation.
d. Neuroprotective effect (ginkgolides A and B, bilobalide)
e. All of the above.

A

e. All of the above.

336
Q

Feverfew, butterbur, and black cohosh extracts may be helpful for which condition?

a. Stroke
b. Migraine
c. Insomnia
d. All of the above

A

b. Migraine

337
Q

Which of the following herbs is contraindicated with tricyclic and SSRI medications?

a. Ginkgo
b. Skullcap
d. St. John’s wort
e. None of the above

A

c. St. John’s wort

338
Q

Which herb inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake and inhibits dopamine re-uptake?

a. Hops
b. St. John’s wort
c. Catnip
d. Skullcap

A

b. St. John’s wort

339
Q

Going from the interior to the exterior of a nerve, the layers of connective tissue would be

a. perineurium, epineurium, and fascicle
b. endoreurium, perineurium, and epineurium
c. epineurium, perineurium, and fascicle
d. epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium

A

b. endoreurium, perineurium, and epineurium

340
Q

Which structure is part of the diencephalon?

a. Midbrain
b. Hypothalamus
c. Medulla oblongata
d. All of the above are part of the diencephalon

A

b. Hypothalamus

341
Q

The word “glia” comes from the Greek word meaning

a. found in the brain
b. glue
c. helper
d. protector

A

b. glue

342
Q

True or False: A nerve cell and a neuron are the same thing.

A

True

343
Q

The “vital centers” (the cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers) are located in the

a. pons
b. midbrain
c. thalamus
d. medulla oblongata

A

d. medulla oblongata

344
Q

Reflexes can be

a. a single neuron
b. two neurons
c. three neurons
d. both b and c above

A

d. both b and c above

345
Q

True or False: One of the divisions of the central nervous system is the autonomic nervous system.

A

False

346
Q

Which herb has been shown to increase photosensitivity, particular in fair skinned people?

a. Ginkgo
b. Skullcap
c. St. John’s wort
d. Hops

A

c. St. John’s wort

347
Q

Which herb should you avoid if you are trying to conceive?

a. Valeriana officinalis
b. Scutellaria lateriflora
c. Ginkgo biloba
d. Labelia inflata

A

c. Ginkgo biloba

348
Q

Which herb can be supportive for ADHD and age related memory impairment?

a. Ginkgo
b. Valerian
c. St. John’s wort
d. Lobelia

A

a. Ginkgo

349
Q

Food such as chocolate, cheese, eggs, and milk can precipitate which condition?

a. Stroke
b. Migraine
c. Insomnia
d. None of the above

A

b. Migraine

350
Q

Severe throbbing headache often preceded by warning symptoms of flickering before the eyes, noises in the ears, and change in mood most likely indicates which of the following?

a. Hypertension
b. Migraine
c. Stroke
d. Migraine or stroke

A

b. Migraine

351
Q

The coordination of muscle movement and the maintenance of equilibrium occur in the

a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. medulla oblongata
d. cerebellum

A

d. cerebellum

352
Q

True or False: Another name for a nerve impulse is a saltatory conduction.

A

False

353
Q

True or False: The peripheral nervous system consists of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and all of their branches.

A

True

354
Q

True or False: Saltatory conduction occurs when a nerve impulse jumps over the myelin sheath of an axon.

A

False

355
Q

Cells that produce myelin for cells outside the brain and spinal cord are the

a. Schwann cells
b. microglia
c. astrocytes
d. oligodendrocytes

A

a. Schwann cells

356
Q

True or False: The knee-jerk reflex uses one more neuron than does the withdrawal reflex.

A

False

357
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus secretes ADH into the blood to help control water balance.

A

False

358
Q

A synapse is

a. a gap between neurons
b. crossed by a chemical
c. separates the axon end of one neuron from the dendrite of the next
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

359
Q

True or False: The synaptic knob contains and releases neurotransmitters.

A

True

360
Q

True or False: An axon transmits impulses toward the cell body.

A

False

361
Q

True or False: Melatonin is effective for anyone with insomnia.

A

False

362
Q

Hormones are sometimes thought to play a part in which of the following conditions?

a. Stroke
b. Migraine
c. Insomnia
d. Migraine and insomnia

A

d. Migraine and insomnia

363
Q

The sympathetic nervous system

a. is called the thoracolumbar system
b. releases norepinephrine from its preganglionic axon
c. is called the craniosacral system
d. both a and b above

A

a. is called the thoracolumbar system

364
Q

True or False: When a neuron depolarizes, the interior becomes more positive.

A

True

365
Q

True or False: The pia mater is the rough outermost layer of meninges.

A

False

366
Q

True or False: Neurotransmitter activity is terminated when it is transported back into the synaptic knob.

A

True

367
Q

True or False: Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released in the neuromuscular junction.

A

True

368
Q

The somatic nervous system controls actions of

a. skeletal muscles
b. smooth muscles
c. glandular epithelial tissue
d. both b and c above

A

a. skeletal muscles

369
Q

True or False: When a resting neuron is stimulated, sodium ions rush into the cell, causing the interior to become negatively charged.

A

False

370
Q

Which nervine herb(s) should be used with caution if you are taking any drugs used for heart disease, seizures, oral contraceptives, and some antidepressants?

a. Ginkgo
b. St. John’s wort
c. Skullcap
d. Ginkgo AND St. John’s wort

A

d. Ginkgo AND St. John’s wort

371
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus plays an important part in the arousal or alerting mechanism in the brain.

A

False

372
Q

True or False: Islands of gray matter in the white matter of the cerebrum are called basal ganglia.

A

True

373
Q

Which of the following is not considered part of the nervous system as a whole?

a. The brain
b. The spinal cord
c. The eyes
d. All of the above are considered part of the nervous system as a whole.

A

d. All of the above are considered part of the nervous system as a whole.

374
Q

The coordination of muscle movement and the maintenance of equilibrium occur in the

a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. medulla oblongata
d. cerebellum

A

d. cerebellum

375
Q

True or False: The corpus callosum allows the right and left sides of the brain to communicate with each other.

A

True

376
Q

Which nervine herb should not be used if someone is taking blood thinning medication?

a. Ginkgo
b. St. John’s wort
c. Catnip
d. Hops

A

a. Ginkgo

NAT210 - Anatomy & Physiology I (1 decks)

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