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Sociology 201 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Religion is a cultural institution and an instrument for

A

-satisfying varying needs
-Consisting culturally patterned interaction with superhuman beings

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2
Q

Durkheim defined religion as a

A

sacred things in relationship to things of the world

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3
Q

Weberian point of view

A

religion, set of coherent answers to human existential problems which make the world meaningful

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4
Q

Steve Bruce says that

A

religion is supernatural entities with powers possessed of moral purpose

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5
Q

Animism vs Totemism

A

belief in spirits or ghosts which may be forces for good or evil vs small scale tribal societies (some believe that plants and animals are powerful)

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6
Q

Agnosticism

A

humans cannot know anything beyond their experience

Rejection of beliefs under scientific thought

Skepticism

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7
Q

Religion has 4 components

A

Beliefs - conviction by the people who participate in a religion, based on recognition of a supernatural being
Ritual - religious acts such as church
Emotions - feelings evoked during a religious act and emotional connection to your God
Organization - “rules and laws” of members of religion and there are people who are trained ex. Pastors

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8
Q

4 types of organization

A

-The church
-Denomination
-Sects - smaller less organized usually in opposition to larger denomination
-Cults - organized around mystical beliefs

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9
Q

Religion for Bronislaw Malinowski

A

Religion is primarily concerned with conditions of emotional stress that threaten social harmony

Religion is a tool for teaching social values

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10
Q

Functionalism and Religion for Herbert Spencer

A

Reduction of disharmony

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11
Q

Functionalism and Religion for Emile Durkheim

A

Studied aboriginal Australians and found that religion helped integrate people as a moral whole

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12
Q

Functionalism and Religion for Talcott Parsons

A

Religion provides general guidelines for life

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13
Q

Conflict Perspective on religion - Karl Marx

A

Against it

Theorized that religion is an instrument of hegemony, says that it justifies class-based hierarchy

Religion produces an illusion that eases pain and makes suffering bearable

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14
Q

Post modernist perspective of religion

A

Believe that religion is influenced and shaped by post modern philosophies

Religion is losing its traditional power to impose religious beliefs on people - Spirutual shopping

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15
Q

Feminists and religion

A

Believe that religion keeps perpetuating social inequality in favor of men

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16
Q

Liberation theology

A

advocates social justice for the poor

Rooted in the Catholic church in Latin America

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17
Q

Engels

A

Recognize that religion can bring about radical social change

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18
Q

Religion for Otto Maduro

A

Suggests that religion can play a progressive role in the political struggles of the oppressed

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19
Q

Religion for Max Weber

A

Studied Protestantism - a belief in a pre-destined elect who would be saved during the second coming of Christ

membership in group is determined by achieving material success which links to capitalism

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20
Q

Disengagement Thesis

A

People have turned away over time for the church

Impact of science, media and cultural diversity has lowered people who believe

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21
Q

Education as a social institution… (tools, processes and politics)

A

Influences socialization, social order
Categorization: creates a set of ideas about education and how it can be used to accomplish what is important in society
Tool: Powerful instrument for learning
Schools determine children’s potential social acceptability and social mobility

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22
Q

What demanded a more disciplined and trainable workforce

A

Industrial Revolution

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23
Q

Egerton Ryerson

A

promoted school as something that could be universal, free and mandatory

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24
Q

Schechter argued that

A

state run public education supports social inequality

Provincial school boards established to act as executive bodies

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25
Q

Malacrada identifies 3 ways children of different intellectual abilities were sorted

A

-Truancy laws, punishing children who didn’t go to class
-Tests and curriculums that standardize expectations of educational success
-“Health” testing conducted via medical examinations

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26
Q

Post WW2

A

Economic expansions required more education

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27
Q

Human Capital Thesis

A

Industrial societies invest in schools to to enhance knowledge and skills of their workers

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28
Q

Since the 1970’s

A

decreases in taxes charged to corporations have contributed to cuts in funding for post-secondary schools

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29
Q

Public Education Models

A

Assimilation model - education in Canada has historically been based on assimilation to dominant culture. Fails to recognize diversity

Multicultural education - study and celebrates different styles and traditions of cultures

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30
Q

Hidden Curriculum

A

Schools teach children a lot more than just observed

People who regard hidden curriculum as positive are echoing themes of structural functionalists

Conflict theorists look at hidden curriculum as something that teaches social class and inequality

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31
Q

Discipline is a key part of the

A

Hidden curriculum

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32
Q

Correspondence principle

A

the argument that norms and values instilled in school correspond with values of capitalist society (society where workers are compliant and perform tasks effectively)

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33
Q

Inclusive education - Critical Pedagogy

A

engaging in multiple ways of knowing and being. Centering the benefit of transformative learning

34
Q

Anti-racism and anti-oppression education

A

promotes inclusivity, recognizes that racial inequality exists. Creates better classroom environment and tries to expose stereotypes

35
Q

Education creates what Foucault determined the docile body

A

an individual that has been conditioned to behave the way administrators want them to

36
Q

Docile bodies are formed by 3 forms of control

A

Hierarchical observation - people controlled through observation and surveillance
Normalizing judgment - judged on their actions based on how they rank with others
The examination -a visibility through which people judge them

37
Q

Negative stereotypes in education breed stereotype threat

A

a group that an individual belongs to will have a negative impact on their academic performance. Their membership in a group acts as a threat

38
Q

Cultural Reproduction theory

A

the legitimization of inequality

39
Q

Jeannie Oaks and the hidden curriculum of tracking

A

students divided in categories so they can be assigned to different groups in class

40
Q

Socioeconomic status largely impacts an individual’s

A

educational achievement

41
Q

Cultural Reproduction in Anyan’s 5 schools

A

Working class schools and Semi-skilled or unskilled schools - following the steps of procedures, very little decision making

Middle-class schools - schoolwork focused on getting the right answers, required some decision making

Affluent professional schools - Independent work, students asked to express and apply ideas

Executive elite schools - developing intellectual powers, reasoning through problems and producing elite intellectual products

42
Q

Credentialism

A

practicing valuing credentials over actual knowledge when hiring ex. Indigenous elders have no “credentials” but lots of knowledge

43
Q

Issues in post-secondary education

A

Long-term adjunct instructors (TTOC) - number of low paid, long term sessional teachers is increasing

Online teaching - main motivation is political and financial

McJobs - underemployment

Plagiarism - copying other people’s work

44
Q

A large part of medical sociology involves interrogation of policies around the practice of

A

medical science

45
Q

Policy sociology

A

attempts to improve the delivery of health services through informed research: developing sociological data to help government and health professionals improve people’s health

46
Q

Critical Sociology

A

examines the practices of medical schools and for-profit hospitals
Healing is achieved through social means - gender, ethnicity and race can affect an experience of medical professions

47
Q

The Sick Role (Talcott Parsons)
4 expectations of being sick

A

-Should be exempted from normal social responsibilities
-Should be taken care of
-Socially obligated to try and get well
-Socially obligated to seek technical competent help

48
Q

E.L. Koos critiqued the Sick Role by Talcott Parsons

A

-What people thought and did about health depends on their class
-Higher classes are able to afford to play the sick role
-Similar arguments can be made against gender, race and age

49
Q

Ivan Emke proposed 5 new expectations for Canadians in sick role

A

-Patients in the New Economy are responsible for their own illness
-Illness is attributed to individual choices
-Patients are assumed to be abusing the system
-Escalating healthcare costs can be attributed to too many unnecessary doctor visits
-Patients in new economy are not to be trusted

50
Q

The social course of disease

A

-Every disease has a natural course it goes through
-People also experience a social course through the interactions they go through while being sick

51
Q

Big Pharma

A

Describes big companies that make money from selling drugs and whatnot

52
Q

Biomedicine (orthodox)

Biomedicine has been criticized by a reductionist perspective

A

the use of Western scientific principles when making a diagnosis and treating illness. Physical tests to find physical entities

it attributes medical conditions to a single factor, fails to take in broader perspectives and ignores Cultures of medicine

53
Q

Alternative (complimentary)

A

ex. Acupuncture, yoga and home birth. Takes into account people’s social and emotional state for healing ability

54
Q

Medicalization

A

behaviours or conditions are defined as medical problems

-Criticized as a form of reductionism that reduces complex medical conditions to simple things that don’t involve social factors even though they do

-Commodification occurs when normal conditions are treated as diseases that can be treated with commodity cures ex. PTSD

55
Q

Ivan Illich criticizing Medicalization

A

Radical monopolie - when professional control work is deemed socially important

iatrogenesis - doctors generating epidemics that avert people from preventing and treating their illness

56
Q

3 types of Iatrogenesis

A

Clinical - ways in which diagnosis and cure can cause problems, just as bad as the condition they are meant to resolve

Social - when political conditions that “render society unhealthy” are hidden or obscured

Cultural - Abilities of doctors and professionals are praised and patents are given no credit for recovery

57
Q

Medicalization and deaf culture

A

Deaf community opposes medicalization and don’t consider themselves disabled, they also oppose hearing aids

58
Q

Critical issues in Medical Sociology

A

Unemployment and immigration doctors - not enough doctors but immigrant doctors credentials are often considered insufficient

59
Q

Brain drain

A

when doctors leave their countries to be a doctor somewhere else, it will leave a doctor shortage

60
Q

Racialization of disease

A

when it is strongly associated with people of a particular racial or ethnic background, so that those people are treated negatively ex. malaria

61
Q

Women in medicine

A

In the past, women have been underrepresented in medicine but by 2004 the ratio was 55:45 women to men. Women are less likely to become surgeons and more likely to be family doctors and leave the profession sooner

62
Q

The inverse care law (Julian Tudor Hart)

A

In poor areas where doctors are needed there are often less doctors and facilities

63
Q

True or false It is wrong to think that old society was primarily static, sitting still

A

True

64
Q

Change has

A

Direction - positive or negative?
Volume - big or small?
Impact - who and or what has been affected

65
Q

Modernism

A

change = progress, what is new will be better than the old
Views society as advancing along a straight path

Up until 20th century, modernists believed that science and technology would create a material heaven on earth

66
Q

True or false Auguste Comte saw positivism as an aspect of modernism

A

True

67
Q

Social Darwinism suggests that

A

society goes from simple to complex and only strongest triumph

68
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan argued societies progress through 3 stages

A

savagery, barbarism and civilization

69
Q

Noam Chomsky argued that modernism has a narrow vision

A

whatever innovation benefits dominant class is justified as progress

70
Q

Critics of modernism state that new technology

A

Have created more problems

71
Q

Conservatism

Cycle of civilization

A

belief that social change is more destructive than constructive

belief that civilizations rise and fall in predictable cycle

72
Q

Critics note that conservatives use the slippery slope argument

A

citing one instance of social change as evidence for collapse of entire social order

73
Q

Classic example of conservatism

A

Luddites

74
Q

Opposing Globalization: A conservatives stance

A

Particularist protectionism - focus on political and economic issues in their home territory ex. Modern schooling is bad
Universalist protectionism - promote the interest of the poor and marginalized groups worldwide

75
Q

Postmodernism

A

largely related to narratives
Challenges notion that researches can speak for people they study without giving them a voice
Technological advances produce digital divide

76
Q

Arthur Kroker describes virtual class as those whose power and wealth are derived from making the world virtual
3 ways this class acts like a class

A

1.Responsible for loss of jobs by those who do not belong to the class
2.Limits access to information on the internet
3.Restricts freedom of creativity, promoting instead the value of pattern-maintenance
Supported by principles of neoliberalism

77
Q

Evolution

A

change is seen as adaptation to a set of circumstances

Survival of the best fit rather than the fittest

78
Q

Fashion

A

Promotes change for its own sake, with the times

79
Q

Medical Gaze - Foucault

A

Distance between patients and doctors provides doctors with a position of authority

The advancement of control of the human body “docile body”

80
Q

Sociology in Canada (we must need)

A

To get better and improve - modernist

To ensure it doesn’t go astray - conservatism

Must have post modern eyes to look at who has benefitted from sociology and who hasn’t - post modernist

Must adapt and evolve - evolution

Must go with the times - fashion

81
Q

Functionalism and Religion led by August Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Talcott Parsons

A

Likens society to a living organism where everyone contributes to keep in running

Social Fact: Religion serves as a form of external constraint

Sociology 201 (1 decks)

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