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Neurology Final Exam > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of sensation

A

Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors

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2
Q

Examples of exteroceptors

A

Sight
Smell
Sound
Skin

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3
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Muscles
Joints
Inner ear

Movement
Vibration
Position, pain, equilibrium

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4
Q

Examples of interoceptors

A

Visceral pain & pressure

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5
Q

The 5 senses include

A 
Visual 
Gustatory 
Auditory 
Olfactory 
Somesthetic (touch & proprioception)
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6
Q

Agnosias is

A

sensory disorders > inability to recognize & interpret a sensory stimulus

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7
Q

Types of agnosias

A

Visual agnosia
Auditory agnosia
Tactile agnosia

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8
Q

Components of sensory system

A
  1. Sensory organ
  2. Nerve, nuclei, ganglia & tracts
  3. Cerebral cortex
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9
Q

Sense organs include

A

Ears, eyes, touch receptors, olfactory bulbs, taste buds

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10
Q

Nerves, nuclei, ganglia & tracts

A

1st order sensory neurons
2nd order sensory neurons
3rd order sensory neurons

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11
Q

Facts about 1st order sensory neurons

A

Innervate the sense organ, in PNS, ipsilateral

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12
Q

Facts about 2nd order sensory neurons

A

Projection neurons, located in brain stem or spinal cord, point of decussation, to thalamus

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13
Q

Facts about 3rd order sensory neurons

A

project to cerebral cortex from thalamus, ipsilateral, to primary sensory cortex

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex includes both ….. &

A

Primary cortex and association cortex

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15
Q

Primary cortex includes

A 
Primary motor cortex 
Primary visual  cortex 
Primary auditory cortex 
Primary somatosensory cortex 
Primary olfactory
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16
Q

Association cortex includes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Parieto-occipital

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17
Q

1st order of the visual system (the eye)

A

Light > retina > rods & cones convert to chemical response

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18
Q

2nd order of the visual system (the optic nerve)

A

Half of retina crosses midline @ optic chiasm and half remains ipsilateral

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19
Q

3rd order of the visual system

A

Lateral geniculate body in the thalamus

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20
Q

Visual field deficits

A 
Monocular blindness
Tunnel vision 
Homonymous hemianopsia 
Cortical blindness 
Visual agnosia
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21
Q

Pyramidal tract controls

A

motor movement of the muscles for speech and most other volitional motor movement

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22
Q

Pyramidal tract is made up of

A

motor neurons of the primary motor cortex and their axons

23
Q

Pyramidal tract is …… activation pathway

A

direct

24
Q

Pyramidal tract consists of

A

corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Corticopontine tract

25
Q

Corticospinal tract

A
  • Descending tract
  • 85%-90% decussate
  • 10-15% continue ipsilaterally
26
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Descending tract
Cortex to the medulla

Made up of axons terminating in the brainstem, where they synapse with cranial nerves

-Bilateral innervation to most of the muscles for speech

27
Q

UMN is a part of

A

CNS

28
Q

UMNs are contained within ….

A

the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord

29
Q

UMN damage

A

spasticity
Hypertonia
Hyperreflexia

30
Q

LMN is ,…. order neurons

A

second

31
Q

All LMN are either …. or

A

spinal nerves or cranial nerves

32
Q

Cell bodies located in …….

A

the brain stem

33
Q

Axons of LMN terminate in

A

skeletal muscles

34
Q

LMN damage

A

poor transmission of neural impulses

Hypotonia 
Hyporeflexiq 
Flacidity
Atrophy
Denervation
35
Q

Extrapyramidal tract is

A

the motor tract that conveys motor info from the brain down the spinal cord

36
Q

Extrapyramidal tract does not ……

A

initiate movement, but makes adjustments to muscle tone and posture to maintain a stable base for volitional movement

37
Q

Extrapyramidal tract originates in

A

the subcortical nuclei and basal ganglia

  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • reticular information
38
Q

Subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra and reticular information send infor to

A

LMN in an indirect multi-synaptic fashion

39
Q

Extrapyramidal tract is ….. activation pathway

A

indirect

40
Q

Lesions in the extrapyramidal tract

A 
dyskinesia (movement disorder) 
Hyperkinesia & hypokinesia 
Tremors 
Chorea (quick& random movement) 
Dystonia (abnormal involuntary contractions) 
Myoclonus (muscle jerk)
41
Q

12 pairs of CN

10 originate in the

A

the brainstem

CN I and CN II originate in the cerebrum.

42
Q

CN V trigeminal is ….

A

mixed

43
Q

CN V trigeminal controls

A 
mastication 
deglutition 
protection of ears (external) 
open ET
(partial) velar elevation

Oral cavity
Eyes nose forehead
External ear

44
Q

CN VII facial is ….

A

facial expression
Swallowing (pocketing& anterior spillage)
Protection of the ear

Taste fibers (anterior 2/3 and soft palate)

45
Q

CN IX glossopharyngeal is ….

A 
upper pharyngeal constructor muscles
Salivary glands (bolus formation) 
SP elevation (assists) 
Gag reflex

Taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue
Velum & superior portion of pharynx
EAM (ear drum)

46
Q

CN X Vagus is

A

mixed

47
Q

CN X controls

A 
larynx 
Pharynx  
Velum 
Digestion 
Cardiovascular function 
Respiration

Larynx
Velum
Posterior & inferior portions of the pharynx

48
Q

CN XI spinal accessory is

A

motor only

49
Q

CN XI spinal accessory controls

A

Sternocleidomastoid (head movement)

Trapezius (shoulder shrugging)

50
Q

CN XII hypoglossal is

A

motor only

51
Q

CN XII hypoglossal controls

A

extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles

52
Q

Extrinsic include

A

Genioglossus (protusion)
Hyoglossus (retraction, depression)
Styloglossus (up and back)

53
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles include

A

Superior longitudinal shortens, turn tip down, trough formation
Inferior longitudinal: shortens, pulls tip down
Transverse: narrows and elongates
Vertical: flattening

Neurology Final Exam (1 decks)

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