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Embryo > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory distres s syndrome is result of- production of?

a. Yolk protein
b. Mucus
c. Surfactant

A

c. Surfactant

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2
Q

The-cloaca!

a. anal opening
l1) ~) part of the hindgut
c. part of the midgut
d. anal membrane

A

part of the hindgut

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3
Q 
The appendix is an out growth of the?
a. Foregut
( 5) Midgut
'--c~ Hindgut
d. Aria] diverticulum
A

Midgut

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4
Q 
the cerebrum develops from
a. forebrain
b. midbrain
c. hindbrain
, d. , combination of above
A

combination of above

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5
Q 
the-· nerve to the 6t 1 arch is
a. 5
b. 7
C. 9
d 10
A

d. 10

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6
Q 
the cartilage of the second arch
a. forms the greater horn of hyoid
b. forms the mandible
( ~ ) forms the stapels
--d. associated with the stapelfongineal muscle
A

froms the stapels

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7
Q

Chorionic villi, primary

A

begin to branch at end of 2nd wk, mesenchyme grows into the primary villi forming core of loose mesenchymal connectice tissue

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8
Q

Chorionic villi, secondary

A

(mesenchyme grows into the primary villi forming core of loose mesenchymal connectice tissue, cover the entire corionic sac

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9
Q

Chorionic villi, tertiary

A

(when capillaries are visible in the villi),

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10
Q

Chorionic villi, stem/anchoring

A

(villi that attach to the maternal tissues through the cytotrophoblastic shell)

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11
Q

Chorionic villi, branch/terminal

A

(villi that grow from the sides of the stem villi, through the walls of branch/terminal villi that the main exchange of material between the blood of mother and embryo)

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12
Q

Stomodeum

A

the oropharyngeal membrane separates the foregut from the stomodeum. (a depression between the brain and pericardium

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13
Q

Septum transversum / central tendon of diaphragm

A

septum transversum develops into the central tendon of the diaphragm

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14
Q

Umbilical cord / connecting stalk

A

Umbilical cord forms the connecting stalk

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15
Q

Fourth Week

A

Pharyngeal arches
Otic pits
Lens placodes

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16
Q

Lens placodes

A

ectodermal thickenings, indicating the future lenses of the eyes

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17
Q

Otic pits

A

by day 26 to 27 they are visible, along with the primordial - of internal ears

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18
Q

Pharyngeal arches

A

3 pairs visible by 26 days gestation

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19
Q

Fifth Week

A

Mesonephric ridge

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20
Q

Mesonephric ridge

A

indicate the site of the mesonephric kidneys, which are interim organs in humans.

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21
Q

Sixth Week

A

Hand plates / digital rays
Digital rays
Auricular hillocks
External acoustic / auditory meatus

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22
Q

External acoustic / auditory meatus

A

pharyngeal groove becomes this

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23
Q

Auricular hillocks

A

several small swellings that develop around the pharyngeal groove or cleft between the first 2 pharyngeal arches

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24
Q

Digital rays

A

the promience of the digits begin to develop in the hand plates, indicating the formation of the digits

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25
Q

Hand plates / digital rays-

A

upper limb begins to show regional differentiation as the elbows and large hand plates develop

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26
Q

Seventh Week

A

Limb changes

Yolk stalk

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27
Q

Yolk stalk

A

the communication between the primordial gut and yolk sac is now reduced to a relatively slender duct, the yolk stalk

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28
Q

Limb changes

A

undergo considerable changes during 7th week

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29
Q

Eighth week

A

Scalp vascular plexus

Purposeful limb movements

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30
Q

Purposeful limb movements

A

first occur during 8th week

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31
Q

Ninth week

A

Short legs and small thighs

Liver / major site of erythropoiesis

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32
Q

Liver / major site of erythropoiesis

A

liver is the major site of erythropoiesis at beginning of fetal period

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33
Q

Short legs and small thighs

A

early in the 9th week the legs are short and the thighs are relatively small.

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34
Q

Tenth Week

A

Intestinal coils

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35
Q

Intestinal coils

A

clearly visible in the proximal end of the umbilical cord until the middle of the 10th week

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36
Q

Eleventh Week

A

the intestines have returned to the abdomen

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37
Q

Twelfth Week

A

External genitalia
Primary ossification centers
Erythropoiesis / spleen
Urine formation

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38
Q

Urine formation

A

urine formation begins between 9th and 12th weeks, and urine is discharged into the amniotic fluid

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39
Q

Erythropoiesis / spleen-

A

by the end of the 12th week, erythropoiesis is decreased in liver and has begun in the spleen

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40
Q

Primary ossification centers-

A

by the end of 12 weeks the primary ossifcation centers appear in the skeleton, especially in the cranium and long bones

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41
Q

External genitalia

A
  • the mature form is not established until week 12
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42
Q

Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks

A

Growth- growth is very rapid during these weeks

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43
Q

Slow eye movements

A

occur at the 14th week

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44
Q

Sixteenth Week

A

Ovaries contain primordial follicles
Bones clearly visible
External genitalia

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45
Q

Bones clearly visible

A

at the beginning of week 16, the bones are clearly visible on ultrasound images of the mothers abdomen

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46
Q

Ovaries contain primordial follicles

A

the ovaries in female fetuses are differentiated and contain primary follicles that have oogonia

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47
Q

External genitalia

A

can be recognized by 16th week

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48
Q

Seventeenth Week

A

Growth slows down

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49
Q

Eighteenth Week

A

Uterus formation

Oogonia formation

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50
Q

Uterus formation

A

forms in the female fetuses and canalization of the vagina has begun

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51
Q

Oogonia formation

A

by this time, many primordial ovarian follicles containg oogonia have formed

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52
Q

Twentieth Week

A

Quickening
Brown fat
Eyebrows / hair
Testes formation

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53
Q

Quickening

A

the limbs reach their final relative proportions and fetal movements known as quickening are commonly felt by the mother

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54
Q

Brown fat

A

begins to form and is the site of heat production

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55
Q

Eyebrows / hair

A

visible at 20 weeks

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56
Q

Testes formation

A

they begin to descend, but are still located in the posterior abdominal wall

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57
Q

Twenty One to Twenty Five Weeks

A

Weight gain-
Blink - startle responses
Type II penumocytes
finger nails

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58
Q

Weight gain-

A

is substantial at this point (21-25 weeks)

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59
Q

Type II penumocytes

A

the secretory epithelial cells in the intraveolar walls of the lung have begun to secrete surfactant, a surface- active lipid that maintains the patency of the developing alveoli of the lungs

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60
Q

Blink - startle responses

A

they have been reported at 22 to 23 wks following application of a vibroacoustic noise source to the mothers abdomen

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61
Q

finger nails

A

present (21-25 weeks)

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62
Q

Twenty Six to Twenty Nine Weeks

A

Lungs

Fetal spleen / hemopoiesis

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63
Q

Lungs

A

lungs are now capable of breathing air

Eyelids open at week 26

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64
Q

Fetal spleen / hemopoiesis

A

the spleen is now an important site of hemopoiesis

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65
Q

Thirty to Thirty four Weeks

A

Skin pink- and smooth

Upper and lower limbs chubby

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66
Q

Thirty Five to Thirty Eight Weeks

A

Nervous system
Weight 3400 gm
Testes descends to scrotum

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67
Q

Nervous system

A

is sufficiently mature to carry out some integrative functions

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68
Q

Weight 3400 gm

A

normal fetuses usually weigh this

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69
Q

Testes descends to scrotum

A

usually in the scrotum in full term male infants

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70
Q

Expected Date of Delivery

A

266 days or 38 weeks after fertilization

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71
Q

Glucose, amino acids, insulin

A

primary source of energy for fetal metabolism and growth

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72
Q

Cigarette smoking

A

the growth rate of fetuses of mothers who smoke is less than normal during the last 6-8 wks

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73
Q

Fetal starvation-

A

chronic reduction of uterine blood flow can cause this.

Causes for IUGR / Down syndrom

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74
Q

Perinatal medicine

A

combines aspects of obstetrics and pediatrics

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75
Q

Amniocentosis

A

common invasive prenatal diagnostic procedure, amniotic fluid is sampled by inserting a hollow needle through the mothers abdomen piercing the chorion and amnion

76
Q

Chorionic villi sampling

A

needle goes into the uterine cavity

77
Q

Cell culture

A
  • fetal sex and chromosomal aberrations can also be determined by studing the sex chromosomes in the cultural fetal cells obtained during amniocentesis
78
Q

HDN

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn can be saved by receiving intrauterine blood transfusions

79
Q

Percutaneous umbilical cord puncture

A

blood can be transfused directly into the fetal cardiovascular system

80
Q

Placenta / fetal and maternal parts

A
  • fetal part develops from part of the chorionic sac and maternal part is derived from the endometrium
81
Q

Decidua / 3 parts

A

deciduas basalis
Deciduas capsularis
Deciduas parietalis

82
Q

deciduas basalis

A

part of the deciduas deep to the conceptus that forms the maternal part of the placenta.

83
Q

Deciduas capsularis

A

superficial part of the decidua overlying the conceptus.

84
Q

Deciduas parietalis

A

all the remaining parts

85
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast-

A

this is where many of the deciual cells degenerate and along with the maternal blood and uterine secretions provide a rich source of nutrition for the embryo

86
Q

Smooth chorion

A

chorionic villi degenerate producing a avascular bare area

87
Q

Villous chorion-

A

the bushy part of the chorionic sac

88
Q

Formation of placenta - fetal and maternal parts

A

fetal is formed by the villous chorion, maternal is formed by the deciduas basalis

89
Q

Placental septa

A

the erosion of the decidual tissue produces several wedge shaped areas of deciduas called this

90
Q

Cotyledons-

A

the placental septa divides the fetal part of the placenta into irregular convex areas

91
Q

Intervillous space

A

contains maternal blood, which is derived from the lacunae that developed in the syncytiotropoblast

92
Q

Spiral arteries-

A

the maternal blood enters the intervillous space from these in the deciduas basalis

93
Q

Amniochorionic membrane

A
  • amnion and smooth chorion fuse to form, this is what ruptures during labor
94
Q

Umbilical arteries-

A

poorly oxygenated blood leaves the fetus and passes through these to the placenta

95
Q

Chorionic arteries

A

at the attachment of the cord to the placenta, these arteries divide into a number of radially disposed

96
Q

Umbilical vein

A

carries oxygen rich blood to the fetus

97
Q

Fetal hyopoxia

A

reductions of uteroplacental circulation result in this

98
Q

IUGR

A

intrauterine growth retardation

99
Q

Placental membrane

A

composite membrane that consists of the extrafetal tissues separating the maternal and fetal blood. Consists of 4 layers until about 20 wks (synctiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, connective tissue villlus and endo thelium o fetla capallaries) full term usually only has 3 layers in most places

100
Q

Syncytial knots

A

numerous nuclei in the syncytiotrophoblast of the ville aggregate to form these.

101
Q

Nutritional substances

A

water glucose and vitamins

102
Q

Hormones

A

protein hormones don’t reach the embryo or fetus in significant amounts except for slow transfer of thryroxine and triodothyronie. Steroid hormones pass the placental membrane freely

103
Q

Antibodies

A

maternal antibodies confer fetal immunity for diseases such as diptheria, smallpox and measles. No immunity for whooping cough or chickenpox

104
Q

Waste products

A

urea and uric acid pass through the placental membrane by simple diffusion and bilirubin is quickly cleared.

105
Q

Heroin

A

fetal drug addiction may occur after maternal use of drugs such as heroin and newborn infants may experience withdrawal symptoms

106
Q

Fetal infection

A

infectious agents may pass through the placental membrane and cause this

107
Q

Rubella virus

A

severe congenital anomalies may result

108
Q

Microorganisms

A

can cross the plasma membrane and enter the fetal blood (treponema pallidum- causes syphilis and toxoplasma gondii- produces destructive changes in the brain and eyes)

109
Q

Hormones for parturition

A

corticotrophin, adrenocortiotropin (ACTH), cortisol, oxytocin

110
Q

1st stage of labor

A

dilation stage begins with objective evidence of progressive dilation of the cervix, average duration of the first stages about 12 hrs for the first pregnancies and about 7 for women who had a kid already

111
Q

3rd stage of labor

A

begins as soon as baby is born and ends when the placenta and membranes are expelled – 15 min in most pregnancies, retraction of the uterus and manual compression of the abdomen reduce the area of placental attachment

112
Q

2nd stage of labor

A

cervix is fully dilated and ends with delivery of baby- 50 min for first kid 20 for having previous kid

113
Q

4th stage of labor

A

recovery stage, begins as soon as the placenta and fetal membranes are expelled- 2 hrs, contractions of the uterus constrict the spiral arteries, preventing excessive bleeding.

114
Q

Umbilical cord

A

the cord usually has 2 arteries and 1 vein that are surrounded by mucoid connective tissue (Wharton’s Jelly). True knots may tighten the cord and cause fetal death secondary to fetal anoxia

115
Q

Amnion, amniotic sac, amniotic fluid

A

amnion forms a fluid filled membranous amniotic sac that surrounds the embryo and fetus, amniotic fluid plays a major role in fetal growth and development.

116
Q

Yolk sac

A
  • by 20 wks the sac is very small and usually not visible, recognizable in ultrasound until end of first trimester
117
Q

Fate of yolk sac

A

usually detaches from the midgut loop by the end of 6th week. In about 2 percent of the adults, the proximal intra-abdominal part of the yolk stalk persists as an ileas diverticulum, known clinically as a Meckel’s diverticulum

118
Q

Allantois

A

during 2nd moth of development, the extraembryonic part of the allantois degenerates, its blood vessels become umbilical vein and arteries, as bladder enlarges, the allantois involutes to form a thick tube (urachus), after birth the urachus becomes the median umbilical ligament which extends from the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus

119
Q

Dizygotic twins

A
  • result from fertilization of 2 oocytes by 2 different sperm. They always have 2 amnions and 2 chorions, but the chorions and placentas may be fused
120
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

develop from the fertilization of one oocyte and develop from 1 zygote, same sex and look almost the same, share a common placenta, a monochorionic diamniotic twin placenta

121
Q

Other types of multiple births

A
  • triplets may be derived from 1 zygote and be identical 2 zygotes and consist of identical twins and a singleton, 3 zygote an may be of same or different sex, in which case the infants are no more similar than infants from 3 different pregnancies. Similar in quadruplets, quintuplets, sextuplets, etc
122
Q

Teratology

A
  • study of abnormal development
123
Q

Thalidomide

A

reports of several limb anomalies and other developmental defects. (mild sedative)

124
Q

Nondisjunction

A

error in cell division, a chromosome pair or chromatids of a chromosome fail to disjoin during mitosis or meiosis

125
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

phenotype of this is a female, secondary sexual characteristics do not develop in 90% of gilrs with turners. The monosomy X chromosome abnormality is most common cytogenic abnormality

126
Q

Mosaicism

A

2 or more cell types containing different numbers of chromosomes (normal and abnormal), leads to a less severe phenotype and the affected individuals may have a nearly normal IQ

127
Q

Translocation-

A

the transfer of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome, if 2 nonhomologous chromosomes exchange it is called reciprocal translocation

128
Q

Deletion-

A

when a chromosome breaks and a portion may be lost

129
Q

Critical period for brain development

A

wks 3-16

130
Q

Phenytoin

A

a well known human teratogen, 5-10% of embryo exposed to this anticonvulsant medication develop the fetal hydantoin syndrome

131
Q

Fetal hypoxia

A

can affect fetal growth and development

132
Q

Caffeine

A

not known to be a human teratogen, but no assurance that heavy maternal consumption is safe for the embryo

133
Q

DES-

A

diethylstilbestrol, if exposed to this the probability of developing cancer in females at an early age

134
Q

Tetracycline

A

cross the placental membrane and are deposited in embryo bones and teeth at sites of active calcification

135
Q

Streptomyecin

A

in more than 30 cases of hearing deficit and eighth cranial nerve damage.

136
Q

Penicillin

A

has been used extensively during pregnancy, appears harmless

137
Q

Warfarin

A

an anticoagulant, definitely a tertogen

138
Q

Heparin

A

does not cross the placental membrane

139
Q

Fetal hydration syndrome

A

occurs in 5-10 % of children born to mother treated with phenytoins or hydantoin anticonvulsants

140
Q

Valporic acid

A

has been the drug of choice for the management of epilepsy, lead to a pattern of anomalies consisteing of craniofacial, heart, limb defects and increased risk of neural tube defects

141
Q

Phenobarbital

A

considered to be a safe anti epileptic drug for use during pregnancy

142
Q

Bendectin

A

considered to be nonteratogenic in humans

143
Q

Aminopterin

A

known potent teratogen

144
Q

Angiotensin - converting enzyme-

A

exposure of fetus to ACE inhibtors causes fetal death, long lasting hypoplasia of the bones

145
Q

Retinoic acid (vitamin A)-

A

used for oral treatment of cystic acne, teratongenic in humans, critical period for exposure 3rd to 5th wk, risk of spontaneous abortion and birth defects after exposure to retinoic acid is high

146
Q

Aspirin-

A

large doses are harmful

147
Q

Cretinism

A

arrested physical and mental development and dystrophy of bones and soft parts

148
Q

Thalidomide (seal limbs)-

A

potent teratogen, now used for treatment of leprosy

149
Q

Benzodiazepine derivatives

A

are psychoactive drugs frequently used by women (diazepam and oxasepam)

150
Q

Transient withdrawal syndrome-

A

the use of hydanton syndrome of these drugs during 1st trimester of pregnancy is associated with this

151
Q

Marijuana

A

teratogen during the first 2 months of pregnancy, affects fetal length and birth weight

152
Q

Cocaine-

A

one of most commonly abused illicit drugs in north America

153
Q

Methodane / behavioral teratogen

A

used for treatment of heroine addiction, found to have CNS dysfunction and smaller birth weights and head circumferences, long term postnatal effects of methadone

154
Q

Fetal Minamata disease

A

mothers diet consists mainly fish containing abnormally high levels of organic mercury.

155
Q

Methyl mercury

A

a teratogen that causes cerebral atrophy, spasticity, seizures and mental retardation

156
Q

Lead-

A

prenatal exposure to lead is associated w/ an increased incidence of abortion, fetal anomalies, IUGR and functional deficits. Children exhibit neurobehavioral and psychomotor disturbances

157
Q

Rubella / congenital rubella syndrome

A

crosses the placental membrane and infects the embryo. Clinical features are cataract, cardiac defects and deafness

158
Q

CMV

A

cytomegalovirus, most common viral infection of the human fetus. Can be associated audiological, neurological and neurobehavorial disturbances in infancy

159
Q

HSV

A

Herpes simplex virus maternal infection w/ HSV in early pregnancy increases the abortion rate threefold. Infection of the fetus w HSV usually occurs very late in pregnancy, prob most often during delivery

160
Q

Varicella - zoster virus

A

maternal varicella infection during the first 4 months of pregnancy causes congenital anomalies. (shingles)

161
Q

HIV / AIDS

A

HIV virus is the retrovirus that causes AIDS

162
Q

Toxoplasma gondii / mental deficiency

A

eating raw or poorly cooked meat, usually pork or lamb contains this. The organism crosses the placental membrane and infects the fetus causing destructive changes in the brain and eyes that result in mental deficiency and other anomalies.

163
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

the small spiral microorganism that causes syphilis

164
Q

High levels of ionizing radiation

A

may injure embryonic cells, resulting in cell death, chromosomal injury and retardation of mental development

165
Q

Diabetes mellitus. Macrosomia, holoprocencephaly

A

Macrosomia- infant of diabetic mother will be usually large. Holoprocencephaly- failure of forebrain to divide into hemispheres.

166
Q

Congenital dislocation of the hip and clubfoot

A

may be caused by mechanical forces particularly in a malformed uterus

167
Q

Multifactoral inheritance-

A

traits are often single major anomalies, such as cleft palate, isolated cleft palate and neural tube defects.

168
Q

Intraembryonic celom

A

early in 4th week it forms the primordium of embryonic body cavity.

169
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • the cranial end represents this
170
Q

Pleural cavity

A

lateral extensions indicate this

171
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A
  • lateral extensions indicate this
172
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

this degenerates resulting in a large embryonic peritoneal cavity extending from heart to pelvic region

173
Q

Somatic mesoderm-

A

body cavities are lined by mesothelium derived from this

174
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm

A

covers the visceral wall

175
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

suspends the forgut, midgut, and hindgut from the posterior abdominal wall

176
Q

Mesenteries

A

a double layer of peritoneum that covers an organ, connects the organ to the body wall and conveys its vessels and nerves

177
Q

Arteries supplying the primordial gut

A

pass between the layers of the dorsal mesentery a: celiac trunk (foregut) b: superior mesenteric artery (midgut) c: inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut).

178
Q

Septum transversum

A

a thick plate of mesoderm that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk

179
Q

Central tendon of diaphragm-

A

the septum transversum is the primordium of this

180
Q

Primordial mediastinum

A

by the 7th week this separates the pericardial cavity from the pleural cavities

181
Q

Development of diaphragm

A

it develops from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membrane, dorsal mesentery of esophagus and lateral body walls

182
Q

Crura of the diaphragm

A

develop from the myoblasts that grow into the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus

183
Q

Phrenic nerves-

A

C3, C4 and C5 supply the motor innervation to the diaphragm

184
Q

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)-

A

a posterolateral defect of the diaphragm through which hernias occur- most common anamoly. Life threatening difficulties may be associated with this bc of inhibition of development and inflation of the lungs

185
Q

Gastroschisis and Congenital Epigastric Hernia-

A

represent an uncommon type of hernia that occurs in the median plane between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus. Small intestine herniates into the amniotic cavity and amniotic fluid- can be detected prenatally by ultrasound

186
Q

Retrosternal (parasternal) hernia

A

may occur through sternocostal hiatus located between the sternal and costal parts of the diaphragm. Herniation of intestine into the pericardial cavity may occur or part of the heart may descend into the peritoneal cavity

Embryo (1 decks)

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