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Mechanism of Disease > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is Heart Failure?

A

insufficient cardiac output

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2
Q

Sympathetic response to ACUTE dec. in cardiac output

A

+ inotrope, + chronotrope, vasoconstriction

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3
Q

Endocrine response to CHRONIC dec. in cardiac output

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system => inc. circulatory volume and venous return

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4
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Sympathetic Response => results

A

inc. peripheral resistance => inc. effort;
inc. HR => dec. diastole;
dec. cardiac output + RAAS => pulmonary edema

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5
Q

Chronic Valve Dz: Cause

A

failure of valve => regurgitation

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6
Q

Chronic Valve Dz: Sympathetic Response => Results

A

Na + water retention => inc. preload => pulmonary edema;

angioconstriction => inc. aortic resistance => inc. regurgitation

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7
Q

Hypertorphy: Causes

A

tension in heart muscle, angiotensin II (supports but not improves)

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8
Q

Hypertrophy: Types

A

Pressure Overload, Volume Overload

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9
Q

What type of hypertrophy is seen with Pressure Overload?

A

Concentric Hypertrophy

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10
Q

What form of hypertrophy is seen with Volume Overload?

A

Eccentric Hypertrophy

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11
Q

What the difference between Concentric and Eccentric hypertrophy?

A

Concentric => inc. myocyte size;

Eccentric => inc. in myocyte length

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12
Q

Left-Sided Congestive Heart Failure: Results

A

Hypotension => inc. HR, pulse weakness, syncope, azotemia;

Pulmonary Edema => dyspnea, tachypnea, exorcise intolerance, cyanosis

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13
Q

Right Sided Congestive Heart Failure: Results

A

General edema

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14
Q

Cardiac Cachexia: Results

A

anorexia, immobility, congestion of GI, hyperventilation

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15
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Signs

A

paralysis, normal/accentuated reflexes, normal/inc. muscle tone, min. muscle atrophy

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16
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Signs

A

Parlysis, a/hypoflexia, muscular hypotonia, rapid muscle atrophy

17
Q

Order of declining Mental status

A

Alert -> depression -> stupor -> coma

18
Q

Major types of Vascular Shunts

A

Arterio-venous and Portosystemic

19
Q

What is an Arterio-venous fistula/malformation?

A

direct communication between artery and vein that bypasses capillary bed

20
Q

Arterio-venous Fistula/Malformation: Etiology

A

congenital, traumatic, iatrogenic

21
Q

AV Fistula: Most Common Site

A

Liver

22
Q

AV Fistula: Pathophysiology

A

Inc. CO, HR, absolute blood volume;

Dec. total peripheral resistance

23
Q

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

blood in the aorta re-enters pulmonary circulation

24
Q

What is Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

hole in the wall between the 2 ventricles

25
Q

What is Eisenmenger Syndrome?

A

inc. pulmonary circulation => pulmonary hypertension;

reversal of flow through shunt.

26
Q

Portosystemic Shunts: Types

A

Congenital, acquired, portal vein hypoplasia/atresia, hepatic arteriovenous malformations

27
Q

What is an Extrahepatic shunt?

A

blood flow completely bypasses liver

28
Q

What is an Intrahepatic Shunt?

A

portal vein branch communicates directly with hepatic vein branch

29
Q

Portal Vein Hypoplasia: Forms

A

Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension, Portal vein hypoplasia-microvascular dysplasia

30
Q

Portosystemic Shunts: Results

A

hypoglycemia, hyoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, hypokalemia, dec. clotting factors, stunted growth, hyperammonemia

31
Q

Pre-hepatic Liver Dz: Causes

A

hemolysis w/ hypoxia, necrosis, microthrombi mediated hepatopathy

32
Q

Hepatic Liver Dz: Causes

A

toxin, infection, immune-mediated, Cu storrage

33
Q

Post-hepatic Liver Dz: Causes

A

obstruction, tumor

34
Q

Liver Function Tests

A

ammonia tolerance test, bile acid stimulation test

35
Q

Growth Hormone: Functions

A

growth, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, carb metabolism

36
Q

Growth Hormone: Stimulants

A

hypoglycemia, trauma, stress, exercise, gonadotropins, deep sleep, GHRH

37
Q

Growth Hormone: Inhibitors

A

Hyperglycemia, aging, obesity, GHIH, somatomedins

38
Q

Growth Hormone: Abnormalities

A

Pituitary Dwarfism, acromegaly (secretory tumor)

39
Q

GI Obstruction: Signs

A

pain, distention, tympany, dec. motility, dehydration, vomiting/NG reflux (horse)

Mechanism of Disease (3 decks)

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