Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Final!!!!! > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Is a virus alive?

A

No, it dose not possesses all the requirements for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

How is life defined

A

Life is defined thought a set of shared characteristics that all living thinks display

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A population consists of ___________?

A

A group of interacting individuals of one species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A collage campus- includes the students, birds, trees, sidewalks, and air- makes up one compleat______________?

A

Ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the following organizational hierarchy, from largest to smallest

A

Ecosystem ➡️ community ➡️population ➡️organ ➡️tissue ➡️cell ➡️molecule➡️atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gathering information just to add to the knowledge base, such as measuring the beak length of various bird species, is known as?

A

Discovery science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prokaryotes are unicellular. Are eukaryotes unicellular also?

A

Yes. They are unicellular and multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the letters that’s make up the chemical language of DNA

A

C,T,G,A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What level of diversity refers to the variety of characteristics within a species?

A

Genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When a horse breeder chooses to breed only the fastest horses in an effort to select for speed, this is an example of?

A

Artificial selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The chemical name for table salt is sodium chloride, or simply NaCL. What type of chemical is NaCL.

A

Compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a trace element.

A

An element required in small amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 elements that make up the bulk of life?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many protons are in a typical carbon atom? How would you know just by looking at the table of elements?

A
  1. By looking at the atomic number at the top.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many neutrons are in a typical carbon atom?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many neutrons are in carbon 14

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If the number of protons in a atom dose not match the number of electrons, the atom is specifically called an ______?

A

Ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Identifify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical reactivity of the atom?

A

The number of shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In a chemical bonding, when the bonded atom share electrons, it is specifically called

A

A covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Individual water molecules are held to one another by reflectively weak ______ bonds

A

Covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is one side of a water molecule partially negative while the other side is partially positive?

A

Uneven sharing of electron parts occurs due to the strong pull of oxogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’re is lightest ( least dense ) when it ________.

A

Freezes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A needle can be made to float on the surface tension of water. What causes this surface tension to form?

A

The cohesion of water molecules to watch other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What dose the PH scale actually measure?

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Something with a PH of 5 would be?

A

Acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The functional group - NH2 is called the ______ group?

A

Amino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The breaking of a large organic molecule into a smaller individual subunit involves multiple?

A

Hydrolysis reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called?

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lipids are all?

A

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What gives an amino acid it’s unique chemical properties?

A

The side group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

To a large extent, and proteins function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a proteins shape?

A

the sequence of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Organic molecules that end in the suffix “ -ase” often function as _________ molecules

A

Instamatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE ::: The lipid bilayer of a cell is arranged with hydrophobic heads on the outside and hydrophobic fatty acid tails on the inside

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

true or false:::: The cell membrane is considered to be selectively permeable because I don’t allows some molecules to pass through but not others

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True or false::: Phagocytosis involves engulfing solid materials via a minute infolding in the plasma membrane

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

True or faults::: Each somatic cell in an animal’s body contains the information to make over 100,000 different types of proteins

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or false::: transcription begins in the nucleus

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or false:: mutations can arise spontaneously you are the associated with viruses, ionizing radiation, and certain chemicals

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

This family mercurous can play a vital role in cell to cell reconciliation or contact signaling.

A

Membrane receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Examples of ligands include

A

Neurotransmitters and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The principal compounds of cytoplasm are

A

Cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusion, and cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many mitochondria are in the average mammalian cell

A

It depends on the cells activity level. Highly active cells such as heart cells require more mitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Ribosomes produce

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The cell structure modifies, packages, and distributes proteins designed secretion or intracellular use

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

This cell is angulated and therefore cannot divide, make proteins are enzymes, or repair itself

A

Red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

A neutral solution has A pH ofwhich activity repair is energy expenditure

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

These are giant cells that gobble debris, Dead cells, and outside invaders.

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The end of Telophase is marked by ?

A

Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The process of building new proteins using the information on the mRNA molecule is called

A

Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Temporary or permanent and inhibition of jeans and some cells but not in others is responsible for cell __________

A

Differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Water behind a damn is a certain amount of stored energy that can be related as waterfalls over the top of the dam. And maybe enough energy to turn a windmill or an electricity generating turbine. what type of energy would this be

A

Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

We use energy in many ways. Describe one thing we cannot do to energy

A

Destroy it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the definition of energy

A

The capacity to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Predict what would happen as the entropy of a system approach 100%

A

Randomness would become maximized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

To convert the chemical energy of sugar into the chemical energy that fuels life processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet

A

The sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Name three photosynthetic members

A

Plants bacteria protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is photosynthesis is a waste product

A

O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The chemical reaction of photosynthesis occurs in what cellular organelle

A

Chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In a recent newspaper article promoting the eating of seaweed in seaweed products, the argument was made that doing so was a more efficient use of energy than eating animals. Why would eating Siri to be more energy efficient than eating animals?

A

The energy found in animal matter represents a fraction of the energy found in plant matter eaten by the animals. It would be better to just eat the plants in skip a step.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

How does CO2 enter a plant

A

Through the stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

Water + carbon dioxide + energy = sugar + oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How do we know green light is not absorbed by the chlorophyll

A

Because of the green light is reflected and not absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Why do some leaves change colors in the fall

A

The chlorophyll molecules breakdown and other pigments now become visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

The light reaction of photosynthesis ultimately converts low energy molecules of ______________ into high-energy molecules of________

A

ADP, ATP. NADP,NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Name a product of the Calvin cycle

A

Sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is a photosystem

A

Clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the role of light in photosynthesis

A

It energizes electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur

A

In the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Identify the stage of cellular respiration it when glucose is split into two molecules of Pyruvic acid

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced

A

Electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Alcohol as a waste product produced by yeast in the presence of sugar in the absence of _______

A

O2

74
Q

What color of light is not used for photosynthesis? How could you know just by looking at a leaf

A

Green. Because it is not absorbed it is reflected

75
Q

What is the most recent common ancestor of fungi and animals?

A

A protist

76
Q

What is a major role fungi play in the ecosystem

A

Recycling nutrients from dead organisms back into the food chain

77
Q

How do fungi reproduce sexually

A

By the fusion of phage from two different fungi

78
Q

How does a plants cuticle allow it to live on land

A

By preventing water loss

79
Q

How does a plant get the carbon it needs to make glucose

A

From the air

80
Q

Where do plants typically store their starches and sugars for later use

A

In the stem

81
Q

How many of the animals Phyla include single celled animals

A

Zero

82
Q

How do sponges acquire their Nourishment’s

A

They synthesize it from chemicals in the water

83
Q

Which body form of a cnidarians is sessile

A

Polyp

84
Q

Gastropods include the? 2 answers

A

Snails and slugs

85
Q

Which worm has no body cavity

A

Flatworms

86
Q

Some organisms are described as having a _____ digestive track that includes a mouth at one end and then anus at the other

A

Complete

87
Q

Which answer pod subgroup includes the spiders

A

Arachnids

88
Q

True or false :: arachnids, crustaceans, insects all have an exoskeleton of Chitin

A

True

89
Q

All vertebrates have?

A

A skull and vertebrae

90
Q

Why can’t amphibians survive far from water?

A

Their eggs do not have enough amnion which prevents them from drying out

91
Q

What does the expression “ terrestrial tetrapod’s “ mean

A

Lives on land, four limbs

92
Q

All mammals have

A

Mammary glands

93
Q

What is the role of the placenta

A

Provides a physical association between mother and developing fetus

94
Q

What is humans closest living relative

A

Chimpanzees

95
Q

Upon fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form a single cell called _______

A

Zygote

96
Q

Dead or damage cells are replaced by

A

Mitosis

97
Q

How much of your DNA is identical to that of another person of the same sex

A

99.5%

98
Q

A single, continuous molecule of DNA plus it’s associated protein is called a

A

Chromosome

99
Q

What is the name of the center part that can next to sister chromatids

A

The centromere

100
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicate

A

Interface

101
Q

What are the five steps during mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up, nuclear membranes form, nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes split

102
Q

Which process specifically refers to a cell physically dividing into two cells

A

Cytokinesis

103
Q

When does the cell plate for me during cell division

A

At the completion of plant cell mitosis

104
Q

How many chromosomes did you inherit from your father

A

23

105
Q

Stomatic cells are______

A

Diploid ( 2n)

106
Q

What is the gender of a person that is showing 2X chromosomes

A

Female

107
Q

If my ptosis makes stomatic cells, what does meosis make

A

Gonads

108
Q

The tall allele is dominant and the dwarf allele is recessive. What is the abbreviation for the dwarf allele

A

t

109
Q

If I say a flower is purple, what have I described

A

It’s phenotype

110
Q

A true breeding milk chocolate Easter bunny is crossed with a true breeding dark chocolate Easter bunny. Assuming dark chocolate is dominant over milk chocolate and the traits said great according to Madelons genetics, what trades with the offspring or express

A

All dark

111
Q

Assuming complete dominance what is the expected genotyping ratio of the offspring following the cross of to heterozygotes

A

1 to 2 to 1

112
Q

Assuming incomplete dominance, of a homozygous red flowered plant is crossed with a homozygous white flowered plant, what will be the color of the offspring?

A

Pink

113
Q

Genes located near one another on the same chromosome and are often inherited together. These are called

A

Linked genes

114
Q

What is the monomer of a DNA polymer

A

Nucleotide

115
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for adding complementarity DNA bases to an exposed DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

116
Q

According to the base pairing rules of DNA, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?

A

TCCGAAT

117
Q

If DNA detects the production of RNA, what does RNA make

A

RNA makes proteins

118
Q

If the base sequence of template strand read GCCATTAC, what is the base sequence of the M RNA

A

CGGUAAUG

119
Q

What does transfer RNA actually transfer

A

Amino acids

120
Q

If the codon is AAA, what is the complementary anti-codon

A

UUU

121
Q

How many nucleotides in the sequence are required to code for 10 amino acids

A

30

122
Q

Barr bodies are associated with

A

X chromosome inactivation

123
Q

The single transduction pathway allows

A

One cell to regulate the gene expression of another cell

124
Q

Which genes are responsible for our year overall structure, such as how many legs you have and where they developed

A

Growth factor jeans

125
Q

The type of mutation that alerts the nucleotide sequence of a gene but does not alert the amino acid sequence of the protein produced from the gene is called______ mutation

A

Silent

126
Q

How does a cell typically know when to divide

A

Proto-oncogenes code for growth factor proteins that indicate cell division

127
Q

The spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to the site of distance in the body is called

A

Meta-stasis

128
Q

The small circular molecule of DNA commonly found in bacteria are

A

Plasmids

129
Q

A collection of cloned DNA fragments representing the organisms entire genome is called

A

Genomic library

130
Q

While it is a standard ruleof them to say information passes from DNA to RNA to protein, there are exceptions. What is the name of the enzyme that builds DNA out of RNA

A

Reverse transcriptase

131
Q

A cloned mammal is made by a similar technique as the one used to produce transgenic animals, except the entire genome is replaced instead of a single gene, this is accomplished by removing the DNA from the unfertilized egg of an egg donor, Replacing it with DNA from a normal body cell of the immature animal, and then implanting the cell into the uterus of a surrogate mother. The cell then divides and behaves as if it were a normal embryo. Of whom is the baby a clone?

A

DNA donor

132
Q

If you started the PCR technique with two fragments of double-stranded DNA, calculate how many double-stranded DNA fragments you would have after four cycles

A

32

133
Q

What is the success rate of gene therapy

A

Poor as there have been few successes but many disappointments

134
Q

The origin of the first living organism is called

A

Biogenesis

135
Q

Which was not a gas in earths earliest atmosphere

A

Ch4

136
Q

What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance

A

RNA

137
Q

By what means do bacterial cells typically divide

A

Binary fission

138
Q

Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions

A

Endospore

139
Q

If you look at unknown cells under a microscope, but could lead you to correctly conclude that they are bacterial cells

A

They lack a nucleus

140
Q

What is the strategy used by many prokaryote for obtaining their energy and there molecule building blocks directly from inorganic chemicals

A

Chemosynthetic

141
Q

Which organisms are called the extremophyils and flourish in extreme conditions

A

Archaea

142
Q

True or false pathogenic bacteria are helpful to humans

A

False

143
Q

Which was first on the planet. Prokaryote or eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

144
Q

Which is not a method of introducing new jeans into the bacterium

A

Binary fission

145
Q

Are there more helpful types of bacteria on this planet that harmful types

A

Yes

146
Q

What is the leading scientific theory on how the first nuclear membrane originated

A

From the inward folding of the plasma membrane

147
Q

When a plant cell divides, how would you expect it’s chloroplast to divide

A

Binary fission

148
Q

Which organelle can survive outside of the cell

A

None of them

149
Q

When might be the advantage to a cell if it a simulated and ingested photo synthetic bacterium rather than digested it

A

It could now use sunlight to make its food

150
Q

Which protists groups include membrane with plantlike trades such as chloroplasts and multicellularaty

A

Algae

151
Q

Which began first

A

Multicellular life in the ocean

152
Q

Which viral life cycle would result in a quicker death for an infected cell

A

Laytic cycle

153
Q

Prior to The publication of Charles Darwin’s book what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution

A

That species were permanent and unchanging

154
Q

Which two observations lead Darben to conclude that there is competition for survival

A

Natural selection and dissent with modification

155
Q

Individuals with variations of that make them best suited to their environment will on average be more likely to

A

Survive and reproduce

156
Q

Why or why is it not accurate to say that individuals evolve

A

It is not accurate because individuals do not change over time in a way that can be passed onto the next generation

157
Q

Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime

A

No

158
Q

Have fossils of transitional forms been found

A

Yes many have been found

159
Q

Which of the following are considered to be fossils. Mineralized bone, animals frozen in ice or preserved and Amber, footprints or other impressions preserved and stone,

A

All of the above

160
Q

What is the name for the study of geographic distribution of species

A

biogeography

161
Q

Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolution Atari history is called

A

Comprehensive anatomy

162
Q

Although modified to perform a different task, a horses front leg is made of the same bones as your arm. This suggests a common ancestor between horses and humans and that also had those bones and it’s for them. The horse leg in human arm are there forward considered to be

A

homologous

163
Q

What is the smallest unit that can evolve

A

A population

164
Q

What is the original source of variation

A

Mutation

165
Q

What defines a population

A

Interbreeding members of the same species

166
Q

What events can lead to offsprings having a unique arrangement of their parents Genes? 2 answers

A

Crossing over an independent assortment

167
Q

During which geological era did life first appear on the planet

A

Precambrian

168
Q

In many ways a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. They often are stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why then are they considered to be “weak hybrid”

A

They are sterile

169
Q

What classification grouping includes the greatest number of species

A

Domain

170
Q

What field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into a hierarchical System of relatedness of that runs from most brought it to most narrow

A

taxonomy

171
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

172
Q

Osmosis

A

When water flows from my area of high water concentration to a lower water concentration

173
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Specific transport proteins embedded in the membrane are able to be transported via facilitated diffusion

174
Q

Active transport

A

Involves moving a substance against its concentration gradient

175
Q

What are the two types of active transport

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

176
Q

Endocytosis

A

The transport of large substances into the cell

177
Q

Exocytosis

A

The export of large quantities of materials from the cell

178
Q

Producers

A

Can absorb the suns energy and converted into chemical energy stored in the sugars and other organic molecules

179
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that obtain food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants

180
Q

Charles Darwin published

A

The origin of species by means of natural selection

181
Q

Darwin introduced the concept of

A

Natural selection and evolution

182
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The energy of sunlight is captured and used to create sugars

183
Q

Cellular respiration

A

A sequence of chemical reactions. This process uses oxygen to harvest chemical energy from the molecules of sugar

Biology Final!!!!! (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions