Final Flashcards
Wellfare
social program that protects against social risks
Social risks
stuff like disability, sickness, old age, poverty, unemployment
Right of citizenship
having the rights of a country citizen
Universal suffrage
right to vote
DECOMMODIFICATION
the degree to which people rely on the market for their economic security.
A person who is completely decommodified doesn’t need a job to
survive.
Culture
norms, beliefs, values
Norms
behavioral guidelines that people are to in a society by social sanction
beliefs
things that people think are factually right or wrong
values
things that people think are MORALLY right or wrong
Traditional values
emphasizes importance of religion, parent-child ties, deference to authority
Means tested programs
programs for people below a certain income threshold.
- Means testing supposedly targets money to the
most needy, however, the administrative burden it
poses prevents the poorest from applying, even
though they would qualify
Pensions
Pension is a kind of retirement income that you planned throughout your life to ensure an income source.
planned by employer or union
Universal welfare
give everyone benefit, seen as perk of citizenship
- Basic income
- National health insurance or service
- Public university with no tuition
- These programs tend to be more expensive (and
more popular) than means tested programs
because everyone benefits from it.
Social Insurance
-Everyone pays into the programs (taxes) and government pays out to qualified people.
- Social insurance programs are often designed to
scale benefits based on your income/occupation.
-made to favor middleclass
Welfare state
The welfare state is the total collection of social
welfare programs that a country has.
Social Stratification
the effects of a social program on society’s
hierarchy. Stratification refers to the boundaries between social classes.
-A welfare state that is redistributive reduces social stratification because it
brings the poor and the middle class closer together.
Liberal welfare state
provide only a minimal safety net, instead preferring to rely on private insurance to supplement market income.
-They favor means-tested programs instead
-Benefits only go to the most needy, which is redistributive. Paid with general tax funds.
-typically higher inequality
Submerged state
government programs that are hidden in the tax
code.
-interest on mortgages not contributed towards tax
Conservative wellfare state
Intended to reduce social risk, while also preserving
social status.
❏ This means that benefits tend to be scaled to match
someone’s income.
❏ These countries use social insurance programs that are
funded by payroll taxes.
-Tends to not be as good for gender equality. These countries tend to promote the male breadwinner model.
Social democratic welfare state
-use universal programs and social
insurance
-characterized by the degree of
income redistribution.
-These countries have the
lowest inequality.
Retrenchment
Government starts spending less money or reducing costs
done to stabilize economy
Cost-Of-living-adjustments
periodic increases in wages, salaries, or benefits, such as Social Security, to account for changes in the cost of living due to inflation.
Cost Containment:
Policies or measures aimed at reducing or controlling public spending, particularly in areas like healthcare or pensions.
Recalibration:
Adjusting policies or institutions to address new social, economic, or political challenges.
Issue Ownership:
A political party’s perceived expertise or credibility on a specific issue.
party does better in campaign if this issue is perceived as major
Culture:
Shared practices, beliefs, and values that shape social behavior in a community.
Norms:
Informal rules or standards of behavior that are widely accepted within a group or society.
Beliefs:
Convictions or accepted truths held by individuals or groups about the world.
Values:
Fundamental principles or standards that guide behavior and decision-making.
Rational-Secular Values:
Prioritization of logic, science, and non-religious principles over tradition.
Traditional Values:
Emphasis on religion, family, and societal norms rooted in heritage.
Self-expression Values:
Focus on individual rights, personal freedom, and participation in decision-making.
Survival Values:
Prioritizing economic and physical security over self-expression or quality of life.
Natural Experiment:
Real-world situations resembling controlled experiments due to external factors.
Civic Culture:
A political culture characterized by active participation, trust, and engagement
Competent:
Perceived ability to effectively fulfill responsibilities or tasks in governance.
Allegiant:
Demonstrating loyalty or support toward a political system or authority.
Heuristics:
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb used for decision-making.
Civil Community:
A society characterized by trust, cooperation, and civic engagement.
Social Capital:
relationships people have in a community that
enable it to function effectively.
Associations, even non-political ones like sports
clubs
Collective Action:
Efforts by a group to achieve a common goal or address shared challenges.
Prisoner’s Dilemma:
A situation where individual rational choices lead to a worse collective outcome.
Tragedy of the Commons:
Overuse of shared resources due to individual self-interest.
Free-Rider Problem:
When individuals benefit from collective goods without contributing.
Public Goods:
Non-excludable and non-rivalrous resources, such as clean air or national defense.
