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Final Flashcards

1
Q

What type of sampling occurs in which referrals for potential participants are made by those already in the sample?

A) Convenience
B) Snowball
C) Quota
D) Consecutive

A

B) Snowball

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1
Q

Which type of sampling are strata incorporated into the design?

A) Convenience
B) Snowball
C) Quota
D) Consecutive

A

C) Quota

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2
Q

The nurse researcher is collecting information about the population sample. What is the basic population unit about which information is collected called?

A) Population
B) Element
C) Inclusion criteria
D) Exclusion criteria

A

B) Element

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3
Q

The nurse researcher knows it is important to make a distinction between target and accessible populations. What is the target population?

A) Aggregate of cases that conform to designated criteria and that are accessible for a study.
B) Aggregate of cases about which the researcher would like to generalize.
C) Characteristics of individuals that must not be included in the research sample.
D) Characteristics of individuals that meet the specific population characteristics.

A

B) Aggregate of cases about which the researcher would like to generalize.

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4
Q

The nurse researcher knows it is important to make a distinction between target and accessible populations. What is a population?

A) Aggregate of cases that conform to designated criteria and that are accessible for a study
B) Aggregate of cases about which the researcher would like to generalize
C) Entire aggregation of cases in which a researcher is interested
D) Characteristics of individuals that meet the specific population characteristics

A

C) Entire aggregation of cases in which a researcher is interested

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5
Q

The nurse researcher knows that samples and sampling plans vary in quality. What is a key consideration in assessing a sample in a quantitative study?

A) Representativeness
B) Probability
C) Nonprobability
D) Strata

A

A) Representativeness

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6
Q

The nurse researcher wants to use a probability sample in the research study. Which is an example of a probability sampling method?

A) Convenience
B) Cluster
C) Purposive
D) Quota

A

B) Cluster

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7
Q

The nurse researcher is using a sampling design that is especially likely to yield a representative sample. What type of sample is this called?

A) Systematic
B) Convenience
C) Purposive
D) Quota

A

A) Systematic

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8
Q

Which type of sample is considered to be the weakest for quantitative studies?

A) Convenience
B) Quota
C) Purposive
D) Systematic

A

A) Convenience

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9
Q

The nurse is hand picking the sample based on the researcher’s knowledge about the population. What type of sample is this called?

A) Purposive
B) Snowball
C) Network
D) Chain

A

A) purposive

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10
Q

The nurse researcher is trying to yield a representative sample. What type of nonprobability design should be utilized?

A) Quota
B) Snowball
C) Network
D) Chain

A

A) Quota

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11
Q

The nurse researcher has to consider the procedure of weighing in the sample. What type of sampling design would be considered?

A) Proportionate
B) Disproportionate
C) Simple random
D) Quota

A

B) Disproportionate

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12
Q

What type of sampling divides the population into homogeneous strata from which elements are selected at random?

A) Probability sampling
B) Simple random sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Cluster sampling

A

C) Stratified random sampling

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13
Q

The nurse researcher is reviewing a research article that used a cluster sample. What is a cluster sample?

A) Selection of every kth case from a list
B) Standard distance between the selected elements in the sample
C) Multistaged selection of random samples from larger units
D) Divides the population into homogeneous strata to ensure representation of subgroups

A

C) Multistaged selection of random samples from larger units

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14
Q

What type of analysis do nurse researchers use to estimate sample size needs?

A) Power
B) Systematic
C) Interval
D) Multistage

A

A) Power

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15
Q

The nurse researcher is reviewing a research article that used systematic sampling. What is systematic sampling?

A) Selection of every kth case from a list
B) Standard distance between the selected elements in the sample
C) Multistaged selection of random samples from larger units
D) Divides the population into homogeneous strata to ensure representation of subgroups

A

A) Selection of every kth case from a list

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16
Q

Qualitative researchers use the conceptual demands of the study to select articulate and reflective informants with certain types of experience in an emergent way. What is a typical qualitative sample?

A)
Large, random

B)
Small, random

C)
Large, nonrandom

D)
Small, nonrandom

A

D) Small, Non random

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17
Q

Qualitative researchers often begin with a sample where potential participants come forward and identify themselves. What type of sample is being used?

A)
Convenience

B)
Snowball

C)
Purposive

D)
Purposeful

A

A) Convenience

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18
Q

Qualitative researchers, like quantitative researchers, sometimes ask early informants to refer to other study participants. What type of sample is being used?

A)
Convenience

B)
Snowball

C)
Purposive

D)
Purposeful

A

B) Snowball

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19
Q

Many qualitative studies eventually evolve to selecting cases that will most benefit the study. What type of sample is being used?

A)
Convenience

B)
Volunteer

C)
Snowball

D)
Purposive

A

D)
Purposive

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20
Q

The broad category of purposive sampling involves general goals. What is one of the broad general goals?

A)
Find examples that are representative or typical of a specific group on some dimension of interest.

B)
Sampling to set up the possibility of comparisons or replications across similar types of cases on a dimension of interest.

C)
Find examples that are representative or typical of a broader group on some dimension of interest.

D)
Sampling to set up the possibility of comparisons or replications across random cases on a dimension of interest.

A

C)
Find examples that are representative or typical of a broader group on some dimension of interest.

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21
Q

Various purposive sampling strategies have been used by qualitative researchers. What is an important purposive strategy for sampling for representativeness or comparative value?

A)
Maximum variation sampling

B)
Critical case sampling

C)
Criterion sampling

D)
Sampling politically important cases

A

A)
Maximum variation sampling

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22
Q

Although many qualitative sampling strategies unfold while in the field, purposive sampling in the sequential category involves deliberative emergent efforts. What is an example of this category of purposive sampling?

A)
Opportunistic sampling

B)
Reputational case sampling

C)
Critical case sampling

D)
Stratified purposeful sampling

A

A)
Opportunistic sampling

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23
Q

What type of sample involves selecting cases that are especially important or illustrative?

A)
Critical case sampling

B)
Maximum variation sampling

C)
Homogeneous sampling

D)
Typical case sampling

A

A)
Critical case sampling

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24
Q

What type of sample identifies and gains access to a case representing a phenomenon that was previously inaccessible to research scrutiny?

A)
Critical case sampling

B)
Criterion sampling

C)
Revelatory case sampling

D)
Sampling politically important cases

A

C)
Revelatory case sampling

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25
Q

What type of sample adds new cases based on changes in research circumstances or in response to new leads that develop in the field?

A)
Theory-based sampling

B)
Opportunistic sampling

C)
Sampling confirming and disconfirming cases

D)
Sampling politically important cases

A

B)
Opportunistic sampling

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26
Q

What type of sample selects cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key informant?

A)
Homogeneous sampling

B)
Typical case sampling

C)
Extreme case sampling

D)
Reputational case sampling

A

D)
Reputational case sampling

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27
Q

What type of sample selects cases that are intense but not extreme?

A)
Typical case sampling

B)
Extreme case sampling

C)
Intensity sampling

D)
Stratified purposeful sampling

A

C)
Intensity sampling

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28
Q

What type of sample occurs when only average, above average, or below average cases are selected?

A)
Typical case sampling

B)
Extreme case sampling

C)
Intensity sampling

D)
Stratified purposeful sampling

A

D)
Stratified purposeful sampling

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29
Q

What main qualitative tradition is theoretical sampling guided by?

A)
Ethnography

B)
Phenomenological studies

C)
Grounded theory studies

D)
Sociology

A

C)
Grounded theory studies

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30
Q

Which type of sample may require more cases to reach data saturation?

A)
Convenience sample

B)
Purposive sample

C)
Theoretical sample

D)
Extreme case sample

A

A)
Convenience sample

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31
Q

What is data saturation?

A)
Sampling to the point at which new information is continually obtained

B)
Sampling to the point at which new information is continually obtained with no redundancy

C)
Sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained with any redundancy

D)
Sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved

A

D)
Sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved

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32
Q

What type of researcher often uses key informants who serve as guides and interpreters of the culture?

A)
Ethnographers

B)
Phenomenologists

C)
Grounded theory researchers

D)
Sociologists

A

A)
Ethnographers

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33
Q

Generalizability in qualitative research is controversial. What widely used model of generalizability involves judgments about whether findings from an inquiry can be extrapolated to a different setting or group of people?

A)
Analytic generalization

B)
Transferability

C)
Thick description

D)
Proximal similarity

A

B)
Transferability

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34
Q

Quantitative nurse researchers typically develop a detailed data collection plan. At one point is this plan implemented?

A)
Before beginning data collection

B)
During data collection

C)
After data collection

D)
Before beginning and during data collection

A

A)
Before beginning data collection

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35
Q

A nurse researcher documents the number of times a mother made positive, encouraging comments to the toddler. This is an example of what?

A)
Structured self-report

B)
Unstructured self-report

C)
Structured observation

D)
Unstructured observation

A

C)
Structured observation

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36
Q

What is the first step in the development of a data collection plan in a quantitative study?

A)
Locating existing instruments for key constructs

B)
Identifying and prioritizing data needs

C)
Developing suitable forms for data collection

D)
Pretesting data collection instruments

A

B)
Identifying and prioritizing data needs

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37
Q

When a nurse researcher is selecting an instrument for a research project, what is the primary consideration?

A)
Conceptual relevance

B)
Data quality

C)
Cost

D)
Reputation

A

A)
Conceptual relevance

38
Q

What is advisable for a nurse researcher who is administering a questionnaire to a highly disadvantaged population?

A)
Pretest the questionnaire with a less disadvantaged sample.

B)
Collect data about the study participants’ reactions to the study.

C)
Determine the readability level of the questionnaire.

D)
Use mostly open-ended questions in the questionnaire.

A

C)
Determine the readability level of the questionnaire.

39
Q

When would a nurse researcher not consider the use of a pretest in a quantitative research design?

A)
Assess whether the sequencing of questions or instruments is sensible.

B)
Determine if the measures yield data with sufficient variability.

C)
Identify questions that participants find objectionable or offensive.

D)
Prioritize data collection requirements.

A

D)
Prioritize data collection requirements.

40
Q

The nurse researcher has finalized the instrument package and has to develop various forms. Which form will not be necessary at this time?

A)
Screening

B)
Informed consent

C)
Administrative logs

D)
Referral

A

D)
Referral`

41
Q

Nurse researchers develop data collection protocols to ensure accurate, valid, and meaningful data. What is a data collection protocol?

A)
Spells out procedures to be used in data collection

B)
Very important in qualitative research to minimize subjectivity

C)
Developed after research staff is trained

D)
Varies only marginally from one study to another study

A

A)
Spells out procedures to be used in data collection

42
Q

What method of data collection is most widely used by nurse researchers?

A)
Structured self-report

B)
Unstructured self-report

C)
Structured observation

D)
Unstructured observation

A

A)
Structured self-report

43
Q

The nurse researcher is using a structured self-report instrument with open- and closed-ended questions. What is an open-ended question?

A)
Permits respondents to reply in narrative fashion

B)
Offers response alternatives from which respondents must choose

C)
Offers a range of alternatives

D)
Requires a choice between two options

A

A)
Permits respondents to reply in narrative fashion

44
Q

The nurse researcher is using a structured self-report instrument with dichotomous questions. What is a dichotomous question?

A)
Permits respondents to reply in narrative fashion

B)
Offers response alternatives from which respondents must choose

C)
Offers a range of alternatives

D)
Requires a choice between two options

A

D)
Requires a choice between two options

45
Q

The nurse researcher is using a structured self-report instrument with forced-choice questions. What is a forced-choice question?

A)
Requires a choice between two options

B)
Offers a range of alternatives

C)
Respondents are asked to rank concepts on a continuum

D)
Requires respondents to choose between two competing positions

A

D)
Requires respondents to choose between two competing positions

46
Q

The nurse researcher is using the FACES pain scale instrument. What is this an example of?

A)
Forced-choice question

B)
Rating question

C)
Checklist

D)
Visual analog scale

A

D)
Visual analog scale

47
Q

The nurse researcher is using a composite psychosocial scale. What is a composite psychosocial scale?

A)
Several questions with the same response format

B)
Multiple-item self-report tool for measuring the degree to which individuals possess target attributes.

C)
Comprises a series of statements about a phenomenon

D)
Consists of a series of bipolar rating scales on which respondents indicate reactions toward a phenomenon

A

B)
Multiple-item self-report tool for measuring the degree to which individuals possess target attributes.

48
Q

The nurse researcher reads about Q sort in a research article. What is Q sort?

A)
Sorts a set of card statements into piles according to specified criteria

B)
Several questions with the same response format

C)
Comprises a series of statements about a phenomenon

D)
Consists of a series of bipolar rating scales on which respondents indicate reactions toward a phenomenon

A

A)
Sorts a set of card statements into piles according to specified criteria

49
Q

What type of research activity is used to assess respondents’ perceptions, hypothetical behaviors, or decisions?

A)
Q sorts

B)
Semantic differentials

C)
Event history calendar

D)
Vignettes

A

D)
Vignettes

50
Q

Structured self-reports are vulnerable to the risk of reporting biases. What type of bias is occurring when the tendency of some people is to respond to questions in characteristic ways, independent of content?

A)
Response set

B)
Social desirability

C)
Extreme response

D)
Acquiescence

A

A)
Response set

51
Q

The nurse researcher is involved in time sampling. What is time sampling?

A)
Captures data about the occurrence of events

B)
Specification of the duration and frequency of observational periods and intersession intervals

C)
Selects integral behaviors or events of a special type for observation

D)
Observers rate phenomena along a dimension that is typically bipolar

A

B)
Specification of the duration and frequency of observational periods and intersession intervals

52
Q

The nurse researcher reads that the halo effect occurred during data collection. What is the halo effect?

A)
Tendency for observers to rate everything positively

B)
Tendency for observers to rate everything harshly

C)
Tendency of observers to be influenced by one characteristic in judging other, unrelated characteristics

D)
Occurs when extreme events are distorted toward middle ground

A

C)
Tendency of observers to be influenced by one characteristic in judging other, unrelated characteristics

53
Q

What is similar in the steps for both quantitative and qualitative integration?
A) Searching for a problem to solve
B) Searching the literature for primary studies
C) Reviewing the summary data
D) Developing a statistical model

A

B) Searching the literature for primary studies

54
Q

Evidence-based practice relies on rigorous integration of research evidence on a topic through systematic reviews. What is a systematic review?
A) Use of carefully developed sampling and data collection procedures that are spelled out during data collection
B) Use of methodically integrated data collection procedures that are spelled out during data collection in a protocol
C) Use of carefully developed sampling and data collection procedures that are spelled out in advanced in a protocol
D) Use of methodically integrated data collection procedures that are spelled out during data collection

A

C) Use of carefully developed sampling and data collection procedures that are spelled out in advanced in a protocol

55
Q

What is a criterion for using meta-analytic technique in a systematic review?
A) The evidence among the studies is highly conflicting with many variables.
B) The hypotheses vary in their predictions; both null and directional hypotheses are used.
C) The number of studies can be varied from few to many.
D) The independent variable and the dependent variable should be similar enough to merit integration.

A

C) The number of studies can be varied from few to many.

56
Q

What is a common scenario for meta-analysis in a nursing study?
A) Comparing the percentage of adolescents using hard drugs to the percentage using alcohol
B) Comparing two groups on a continuous outcome
C) Predicting health-related behavior from five different variables
D) Providing descriptions of caring for the chronically ill

A

B) Comparing two groups on a continuous outcome

57
Q

What is considered an advantage of a meta-analysis?
A) Use for broad research questions
B) Use for substantial inconsistency of findings
C) Subjectivity
D) Enhanced power

A

D) Enhanced power

58
Q

What is the most common effect size index used in nursing?
A) Standardized deviation
B) Variance
C) Odds ratio
D) Sensitivity index

A

C) Odds ratio

59
Q

How can heterogeneity be examined?
A) Inverse variance
B) Fixed effects model
C) Random effects model
D) Forest plot

A

D) Forest Plot

60
Q

Statistical heterogeneity is an issue in meta-analysis and affects decisions about using a single true effect size. What is the name for this single true effect size?
A) Inverse variance
B) Fixed effects model
C) Random effects model
D) Forest plot

A

B) Fixed effects model

61
Q

Statistical heterogeneity is an issue in meta-analysis and affects decisions about a distribution of effects. What is the name for this distribution of effects?
A) Inverse variance
B) Fixed effects model
C) Random effects model
D) Forest plot

A

C) Random effects model

62
Q

Effects from individual studies are pooled to yield an estimate of the population effect size by calculating a weighted average of effects. What is often used as the weight?
A) Inverse variance
B) Fixed effects model
C) Random effects model
D) Forest plot

A

A) Inverse variance

63
Q

What is the purpose of subgroup analyses?
A) Random heterogeneity
B) Nonrandom heterogeneity
C) Sensitivity analysis
D) Nonrelated effects

A

A) Random heterogeneity

64
Q

Constructing a funnel plot will assist in determining how many studies with what type of results to reverse the conclusion of a significant finding?
A) Significant
B) Nonsignificant
C) Clinically significant
D) Clinically specific

A

B) Nonsignificant

65
Q

There is no consensus on whether systematic reviews should include the grey literature. What is grey literature?
A) Published in a nonpeer review journal
B) Published in a peer review journal
C) Published report
D) Unpublished report

A

D) Unpublished report

66
Q

What is a publication bias?
A) Stems from over representation of significant findings in the published literature
B) Stems from underrepresentation of significant findings in the published literature
C) Stems from over representation of nonsignificant findings in the published literature
D) Stems from underrepresentation of nonsignificant findings in the published literature

A

D) Stems from underrepresentation of nonsignificant findings in the published literature

67
Q

What is an issue with which metasynthesists have grappled?
A) Combining studies with findings from different research traditions.
B) Including some quantitative analysis of the demographics of the participants.
C) Omitting any study that has questionable quality.
D) Using studies with subjects form many different populations

A

A) Combining studies with findings from different research traditions.

68
Q

Paterson and colleagues’ meta-study method integrates three components. What are the three components?
A) Metadata, metaeffect, metatheory
B) Metadata, metamethod, metaeffect
C) Metatheory, metamethod, metaeffect
D) Metadata, metamethod, metatheory

A

D) Metadata, metamethod, metatheory

69
Q

What is a summary according to Sandelowski and Barroso?
A) Interpretative explanation of the data
B) Statistical explanation of the data
C) Descriptive synopsis of the data
D) Preliminary explanation of the data

A

C) Descriptive synopsis of the data

70
Q

What is a synthesis according to Sandelowski and Barroso?
A) Interpretative explanation of the data
B) Statistical explanation of the data
C) Descriptive synopsis of the data
D) Preliminary explanation of the data

A

A) Interpretative explanation of the data

71
Q

A metasummary involves developing a list of abstracted findings from the primary studies and calculating what effect size?
A) Intensity
B) Frequency
C) Specific
D) Manifest

A

D) MAnifest

72
Q

A metasummary involves developing a list of abstracted findings from the primary studies. What is the percentage of studies that contain a given findings called?
A) Intensity
B) Frequency
C) Specific
D) Manifest

A

B) Frequency

73
Q

What is the first major step that a nurse researcher must undertake in a qualitative analysis?
A) A search for major themes
B) Entering information into files
C) The use of quasi-statistics
D) Developing a system for organizing and indexing the data

A

D) Developing a system for organizing and indexing the data

74
Q

What is the main procedure for managing qualitative data?
A) Conceptual files
B) Core categories
C) Memos
D) Themes

A

A) Conceptual files

75
Q

What does the actual analysis of data usually begin with?
A) A search for major themes
B) Entering information into files
C) The use of quasi-statistics
D) Developing a system for organizing and indexing the data

A

A) A search for major themes

76
Q

Some qualitative analysts use figurative comparisons to evoke a visual and symbolic analogy. What is this called?
A) Themes
B) Categories
C) Metaphors
D) Quasi-statistics

A

C) Metaphors

77
Q

What does the process of constant comparisons involve?
A) Comparing two researches interpretation of the data
B) Comparing the researchers interpretation of the data against study participants interpretation
C) Comparing data segments against other segments for similarity
D) Comparing data from the study with data and categories from other similar studies

A

C) Comparing data segments against other segments for similarity

78
Q

What is quasi-statistics?
A) Statistical analysis
B) Validation
C) Thematic generation
D) Analytic induction

A

B) Validation

78
Q

One approach to analyzing ethnographic data is Spradley’s method, which involves how many levels of data analysis?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

A

4

79
Q

What type of analysis uncovers cultural themes?
A) Domain
B) Taxonomic
C) Componential
D) Theme

A

D) Theme

80
Q

What type of analysis compares and contrasts terms in a domain?
A) Domain
B) Taxonomiterm-9c
C) Componential
D) Theme

A

C) Componential

81
Q

What type of analysis selects key domains and constructs systems of classification?
A) Domain
B) Taxonomic
C) Componential
D) Theme

A

B) Taxonomic

82
Q

Leininger and McFarland provided ethnographer with a four phase ethno nursing data analysis guide. What is the first phase?
A) Collecting and recording data
B) Categorizing descriptors
C) Searching for repetitive patterns
D) Abstracting major themes

A

A) Collecting and recording data

83
Q

To grasp the essential meaning of the experience being studied, researchers search for themes. What is the holistic approach?
A) Find common patterns of experiences shared by parituclar instances
B) Viewing text as a whole
C) Pulling out key statements and phrases
D) Analyzing every sentence in the analysis

A

B) Viewing text as a whole

84
Q

Central to analyzing data in hermeneutic study is the notion of the hermeneutic circle. What is the hermeneutic circle
A) Find common patterns of experiences shared by particular instances
B) Continual movement between the parts and the whole of the text
C) Pulling out key statements and phrases
D) Analyzing every sentence in the analysis

A

B) Continual movement between the parts and the whole of the text

85
Q

Hermeneutics has several choices for data analysis. One approach is the discovery of a pattern that expresses the relationships among themes. What is this pattern called?
A)Constitutive
B) Constant comparison
C) Similarity comparison
D) Dissimilarity comparison

A

A)Constitutive

86
Q

Benner offers another analytic approach for hermeneutic phenomenology. The interpretative analysis consist of how many interrelated processes?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

A

3

87
Q

One approach to grounded theory is the Glaser and Strauss (Glaserian) method, in which there are two broad types of codes. What is theoretical code?
A) Empirical substance of the topic is conceptualized
B) Relationships among the substantive codes are conceptualized
C) Capture what is going on in the data
D) Only variables relating to a core category are coded

A

B) Relationships among the substantive codes are conceptualized

88
Q

What is open coding?

A

Capture what is going on in the data

89
Q

What is selective coding?

A

Only variables relating to a core category are coded.

90
Q

What are Level III codes in the glaser and strauss approach?

A

Theorectical constructs

91
Q

What is an axial code?

A

Categories are linked with subcategories.

Research Final (1 decks)

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