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Histology Unit 7 > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

the ovaries

A
  • produce female gametes

- primary source of female steroidal sex hormones

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2
Q

germinal epithelium

A
  • modified mesothelium
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • high regenerative capacity
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3
Q

tunica albuginea

A
  • dense, irregular CT

- rich in collagen (eosinophilic) and contains fibroblasts (elongated nuclei)

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4
Q

cortex

A
  • follicles in pre-menopausal ovaries
  • highly cellular CT stroma
  • endocrine glandular tissue
  • some scattered smooth muscle cells
  • low vascularity except around highly developed follicles and in glandular tissue
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5
Q

medulla

A
  • loose CT

- contains the blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves that enter at the ovary hilus

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6
Q

general follicle features

A
  • functions: house germ cells and produce estrogen
  • constituents:
  • oocytes occupying follicle center
  • follicular epithelium surrounding the oocyte
  • a basement membrane surrounds the follicular epithelium, separating the follicle form the surrounding stroma
  • no blood vessels inside the follicle
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7
Q

oocyte formation

A
  • primordial germ cells differentiate into oogonia
  • oogonia proliferate
  • oogonia enter meiosis, but arrest at first meiotic division, become primary oocytes
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8
Q

follicle formation

A
  • stromal cells around the primary oocyte reorganize into the follicular epithelium
  • oocyte and follicle formation occur only during fetal development
  • follicles are irreversibly lost through atresia or ovulation
  • recent finding: oogonia persist in adult human ovary
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9
Q

primordial follicles

A
  • first follicle stage
  • smallest type
  • numerous in fertile ovary
  • dormant sate that is maintained for decades
  • central primary oocyte surrounded by follicular epithelium
  • primary oocyte-very large cells, eosinophilic cyto, de-condensed nucleus
  • follicular epithelium- simple squamous, consistent with low metabolic activity
  • apical follicular surfaces tightly apposed to the oocyte
  • basal surfaces contact the basal lamina surrounding the follicle
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10
Q

follicle growth

A
  • oocytes grow in size from 25-120 um
  • follicular epi grows in size
  • fluid accumulates in the follicle
  • stomal cells surrounding follicle rearrange and differentiate
  • follicular growth culminates in ovulation- rupture of follicle and release of oocyte
  • at any point in the process, the follicle can undergo atresia
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11
Q

follicle actvation

A
  • occurs at the start of the 28 day menstrual cycle, beginning at puberty
  • triggered by FSH
  • FSH triggers follicular cells to produce aromatase, which converts androstenedione to estrtogen
  • estrogen promotes follicular cell mitosis, resulting in follicle growth
  • only a subset of primordial follicles respond to FSH, while others remain dormant
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12
Q

unilaminar primary follicle

A
  • oocyte begins rapid growth
  • the nucleus expands and organelles proliferate
  • follicular cells proliferate to maintain the epithelium around the growing oocyte
  • follicular cells increase in volume, becoming cuboidal in shape, indicating increased metabolic activity
  • as follicles grow, they move deeper into the cortex
  • the central primary oocyte together with the simple cuboidal epithelium is a unilaminar primary follicle
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13
Q

mutlilaminar primary follicle

A
  • oocyte continues to grow
  • follicular cells proliferate to form a stratified, cuboidal epi called the granulosa
  • cells now called granulosa cells
  • zona pellucida, thick, acellular layer secreted by the primary oocyte
  • glycoproteins of the zona pellucida will later bind and activate sperm for fertilization
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14
Q

transport and signaling within follicles

A
  • blood vessels do not penetrate follicles
  • all signals and nutrients must cross the follicle BM, the granulosa and ZP to reach primary oocyte
  • gap junctions between granulosa cells promote transport and signaling within the follicle
  • granulosa cell filopodia reach through the ZP to contact microvilli on the oocyte, making gap junctions that facilitate communications across ZP
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15
Q

secondary follicle

A
  • antal follicle
  • oocyte has completed its growth
  • granulosa cells continue to proliferate
  • granulosa cells produce follicular liquid, containing hyaluronic acid, steroids, steroid binding proteins, and other substances
  • liquid held in antrum
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16
Q

granulosa rearrangements

A
  • with further follicular liquid accumulation in the antrum, the oocyte and granulosa cells are pushed to the periphery
  • along most of the follicles surface, the granulosa has a uniform thickness
  • near oocyte, the granulosa cells for a mound called the cumulus oophorous in which the oocyte is embedded
  • the granulosa cells that directly surround the oocyte form the corona radiata
17
Q

graafian follicle

A
  • also called a mature of vesicular follicle
  • in humans, usually only 1 activated follicle reaches this stage, while the others undergo atresia
  • follicular liquid accumulates dramatically, enlarging the follicle to a diameter of 2cm or greater
  • their tremendous size causes graafian follicles to form a bulge on the ovary surface called a stigma
18
Q

theca folliculi

A
  • stroma around developing follicles rearranges to forma sheath called theca folliculi
  • 2 layers
  • externa and interna
19
Q

theca externa

A
  • outer layer
  • provides structural support for the follicle
  • smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers
  • blends with the stroma
20
Q

theca interna

A
  • inner layer
  • many cells differentiate to secrete steroid hormone androstenedione, precursor to estrogen
  • ultrastructurally, these cells have SER, large mito, numerous lipid droplets (steroid producing cells)
  • theca interna becomes highly vascular to transport hormones produced by the follicle
21
Q

atretic follicle features

A
  • follicular/ granulosa cells undergo apoptosis and the oocyte undergoes autolysis
  • small atretic follicles not generally detectable
  • secondary follicles undergoing early stages of atresia display dying granulosa cells with pyknotic nuclei that have sloughed off into the antrum
  • macrophages invade the follicle to clear debris
  • in later stages of atresia, the BM thickens and collapses into the follicular space, leaving a mostly acellular, collagenous scar called a corpus fibrosum
22
Q

interstitial glands

A
  • usually theca folliculi surrounding an atretic follicle revert to regular stromal tissue
  • sometimes they continue to produce hormones even after the follicle is gone
  • not associated with a follicle
  • common in animals with large litters
  • found during early puberty in humans
23
Q

oocyte changes

A
  • primary oocytes arrest in their first meiotic division during fetal development
  • in a few hours prior to ovulation, the primary oocyte of the graafian follicle completes first meiotic division
  • cell division highly asymmetric
  • first polar body
  • the oocyte commences second meiosis, but stops at metaphase-secondary oocyte
  • fertilization triggers completion of the second meiotic divisions, forming second polar body and a mature ovum
24
Q

fate of oocyte

A
  • after rupture of follicle, the secondary oocyte is expelled from the ovary into the peritoneal space
  • granulosa cells forming the corona radiata attached to ZP surrounding oocyte form oocyte complex
  • follicular fluid coagulates, preventing loss of the oocyte complex into the peritoneal space
  • fimbriae at the mouth of oviduct sweet across the ovary, helping guide the oocyte comple into the oviduct and toward the uterus
  • if the oocyte complex meets sperm in the oviduct, the secondary oocyte may be fertilized
  • otherwise after 24 hrs begins to autolyse
25
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • temporary endocrine gland that arises from the ovulated follicle
  • after ovulation the follicle wall collapse into folds
  • the antrum is filled with clotted blood and CT
  • LH causes the granulosa and theca interna cells to differentiate into steroid hormone producing leutinized granulosa cells and luteinized theca cells
  • hypertrophy of luteinized cells thickens the corpus luteum wall
  • lipochrome pigment accumulation in lutenized granulosa cells gives tissue a yellow hue
26
Q

corpus luteum histology

A
  • luteinized granulosa cells make up most of the corpus luteum
  • luteinized theca cells at the peripher between the luteinized granulosa cells and the stroma of the cortex and in the deep folds of the corpus luteum
  • luteinized granulosa cells are very large cells, with decondensed nuclei and very pale or foamy appear cytoplasm
  • luteinizzed theca cells are similar but smaller with more darkly stained cytoplasm
  • as an endocrine organ, the corpus luteum is highly vascular to allow import of raw materials and outflow of its hormone products
27
Q

ultrastructure of luteinized granulosa cells

A
  • exhibit typical features of steroid producing cell
  • lipid droplets containing precursors to cholesterol
  • mito with tubular cristae and SER both sites for enzymatic production
28
Q

corpus luteum function

A
  • secretes estrogen and progesterone

- progesterone stimulates uterine lining for implantation

29
Q

fates of corpus luteum

A
  • after 10-12 hours, requires hormone stimulation or undergoes luteolysis
  • macrophages engulf remaining debris
  • large scar-corpus albicans
  • if pregnant-trophoblast cells forming outer most layer of embryo secrete hcg and rescues corpus luteum
30
Q

corpus luteum vs albicans

A
  • luteum highly cellular

- albicans scar tissue

Histology Unit 7 (4 decks)

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