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Histology Unit 7 > Female Repro II > Flashcards

Female Repro II Flashcards

1
Q

oviducts

A

narrow, muscular tubes act as conduits for sperm traveling from the uterus in search of the oocyte complex
-for oocyte complex/fertilized embryos traveling form the ovary toward the uterus

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2
Q

anatomic regions of the oviduct

A
  • infundibulum
  • apulla
  • isthmus
  • intramural part
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3
Q

infundibulum

A
  • funnel shaped end of the oviduct that is open to the peritoneal space
  • decorated with finger like extensions-fimbriae
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4
Q

ampulla

A

-longest portion and widest except for infundibulum

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5
Q

isthmus

A

-straight, narrow portion

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6
Q

intramural part

A

-where oviduct pierces uterine wall

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7
Q

3 layers of oviduct

A
  • inner mucosa
  • middle muscularia
  • outer serosa
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8
Q

oviduct mucosa

A
  • mucosal folds increase SA
  • mucosal epithelium is simple, columnar, ciliated epithelium, with two cell types
  • ciliated cells
  • secretory cells
  • lamina propria-highly cellular loose CT that is well vascularized
  • estrogen causes hypertrophy of ciliated and secretory cells, lengthening of the cilia and increase in secretion
  • mucosal epithelium also lines the fimbriae
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9
Q

ciliated cells

A

have motile cilia that sweep the oocyte complex or fertilized embryo toward the uterus
-eosinophilic

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10
Q

secretory cells

A
  • peg cells
  • produce secretions that nourish and protect gametes or embryos
  • capacitate sperm
  • basophilic
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11
Q

oviduct muscularis

A
  • bundles of smooth muscle with intermingled some CT
  • thick circularly-oriented inner layer, thinner longitudinally oriented outer layer
  • thickens and becomes better defined from the infundibulum toward isthmus
  • contractions bend the infundibulum close to the ovary and sweep the fimbriae over the ovary surface to capture the oocyte complex
  • peristaltic contractions propel the fertilized embryo toward the uterus
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12
Q

oviduct serosa

A
  • highly vascular, loose CT covered by simple squamous to cuboidal mesothelium
  • continuous with the broad ligament
  • provides blood and nerve supply for oviduct
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13
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A
  • when a fertilized embryo unable to reach the uterus implants in the oviduct mucosa
  • developing placenta may erode the lining of thick blood vessels of the oviduct serosa
  • oviduct can’t accommodate a growing fetus, and will eventually rupture
  • fatal blood loss if the ectopic pregnancy is not terminated spontaneously or through intervention
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14
Q

uterus

A
  • pear shaped, hollow, muscular organ composed of an upper body and lower cervix
  • receives and sustains the developing fetus until birth
  • inner endometrium, middle myometrium, outer perimetrium
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15
Q

general histology of endometrium

A
  • simple, columnar epithelium lines surface most of the time
  • uterine glands are simple tubular glands lined by simple columnar secretory cells
  • loose CT stroma contains fibroblasts embedded in amorphous ground substance with some type III collagen
  • endometrium can be divided into functional layer and lower basal layer
  • spiral arteries irrigate the functional layer
  • straight arteries supply basal layer
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16
Q

endometrium functions

A
  • uterine gland secretions nourish a developing embryo until implantation takes place
  • thin walled vascular lacunae in the functional layer provide a blood supply to nourish the embryo immediately after implantation
  • during the menstrual cycle, ovarian hormones control the development of these features
  • three phases-menstrual, proliferative, secretory
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17
Q

menstrual phase

A
  • in absence of pregnancy, a thick secretory endometrium isn’t needed
  • progesterone loss at the end of the menstrual cycle causes progesterone sensitive spiral arteries to constrict and interrupt blood flow to the functional later
  • hypoxia and secondary damage trigger functional layer loss through menstrual flow
  • basal layer supplied by straight arteries is not affected
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18
Q

histology of late menstrual phase endometrium

A
  • functional layer is absent, leaving endometrium only 0.5 mm thick
  • bases of uterine glands are present in basal layer and are lined by secretory cells forming a simple columnar epithelium
  • in the basal layer, uterine glands are often parallel to the lumen surface
  • stroma is densely packed with cells
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19
Q

proliferative phase

A
  • estrogen is a mitogen and triggers proliferation in the basal layer
  • stromal fibroblasts multiply and produce extracellular material, generating a new functional layer of endometrium
  • secretory cell multiply, elongating the glands and restoring the surface epithelium
  • spiral arteries regrow into the functional layer
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20
Q

histology of proliferative phase

A
  • functional layer has regrown and the simple columnar surface epi is back
  • 2-3mm
  • uterine glands are long, straight and narrow through the functional layer
  • stromal cells are spaced further apart in the functional layer than in the basal
  • mitotic profiles can be found among fibroblasts and secretory cells
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21
Q

secretory phase

A
  • progesterone stimulates several changes
  • uterine gland secretory cells undergo hypertrophy, causing coiling of the glands
  • uterine gland secretory cells release glycogen and glycoprotein rich product, dilating the gland lumens
  • thin walled vascular lacunae appear beneath the surface epithelium
22
Q

histology of secretory phase

A
  • endometrium is 5-6 mm
  • uterine glands are dilated and highly coiled, giving a corkscrew appearance
  • their lumens contain secretory product
  • stromal cells are spaced further apart in the functional layer than in the basal
  • mitotic profiles seldom found
  • spiral arteries prominant
23
Q

secretion products

A
  • glycogen stains pink
  • glycogen released through apocrine secretion
  • glycoproteins released through merocrine secretion
24
Q

menstrual cycle reveiw

A
  • FSH from ant pit triggers new ovarian follicular phase, follicle produces estrogen, which promotes uterine proliferative phase and further follicular growth
  • LH triggers ovulation of a single Graafian follicle and the formation of the corpus luteum. Progesterone from corpus luteum promotes the uterine secretory phase
  • in the absence of further hormonal stimulation, luteolysis occurs after 10-12 days, marking the end of one menstrual cycle and the start of a new one
  • progesterone loss triggers uterine menstrual phase
25
Q

endometrium in pregnancy

A
  • uterine gland secretions nourish embryo until it implants
  • after implantation, the outer trophoblast degrades the walls of the vascular lacunae, bathing embryo in maternal blood
  • trophoblast cells produce hCG to sustain corpus luteum
  • trophoblast forms chorion (embryonic part of placenta)
  • part of the endometrium forms maternal portion
  • finger like chorionic villi are invaded by fetal blood vessels, allowing for exchange of nutrients, oxygen and wastes between fetal and maternal blood
26
Q

chorionic villi

A
  • bathed in maternal blood and contain fetal blood vessels
  • exchange
  • separated by thin wall of syncytiotropoblasts
27
Q

endometriosis

A
  • pathological condition in which endometrial stromal and glandular cells colonize outside the uterus
  • occurs when endometrial tissue sloughed off during menses moves retrograde through the oviducts into the peritoneal cavity
  • potential sites: ovaries, outer surfaces of the uterus or oviducts, broad ligament, colon, retrouterine pouch, rectal sheath
  • explanted endometrial tissue remains hormone sensitive, undergoing growth, degradation and bleeding
  • causes IF and pain and formation of scar tissue, including adhesions between organs
  • if infiltrates ovary surface-blood trapped beneath tunica albuginea, forming chocolate cysts
28
Q

myometrium

A
  • thickest portion of the uterine wall
  • three indistinct laters of smooth muscle
  • smooth muscle contractions are inhibited by progesterone, increasing probability of successful implantation during secretory phase
  • during pregnancy, the smooth muscle undergoes hyperplasia and hypertrophy
  • synthesizes collagen fibers, increasing size and strength of uterine wall
  • vasculature of myometrium also increases
29
Q

uterine leiomyomas

A
  • fibroids
  • benign tumors of smooth muscle
  • appear in 1/4 women
  • grow in response to estrogen and during pregnancy
  • generally asymptomatic
30
Q

perimetrium

A
  • thin layer of loose CT covered in most places by simple, squamous mesothelium, but is adventitial where adherent to body wall
  • continuous with broad ligament
  • highly vascular
31
Q

cervix

A
  • cervical mucosa- stroma, simple columnar epi, long non coiled branched tubular cervical glands with wide lumens
  • gland secretions are mucous based
  • mucosa not shed
  • non-pathogenic nabothian cysts are a common result from gland occlusion
  • cervical wall: more dense CT and less smooth muscle than the myometrium
  • during last month of pregnancy, collagen and elastin fibers rearrange to permit parturition
32
Q

external os

A

-protrudes into vagina

33
Q

transformation zone

A

-marked by sharp junction between simple columnar and stratified squamous

34
Q

cervical carcinoma

A
  • arise from stratified squamous epi at the transformation zone
  • routing exfoliative cytology (pap smear) has allowed early detection to dramatically decrease mortality from cervical carcinoma
  • normal pap smear- uniform size and pyknotic nuclie
  • abnormal smear- heterogenous size, euchromatic nuclei
35
Q

vagina

A
  • vaginal mucosa: stratified squamous non kertatinized epi
  • overlying highly cellular lamina propria
  • papillae of LP reach into epi
  • no glands
  • lymphocytes and neutrophils

vaginal mucosal layer: two indistinct sublayersL inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers, outer layer of longitudinal fibers

adventitia-elastic CT forms a resilient outer sheath

36
Q

glycogen and vagina

A
  • in response to estrogen, vaginal mucosal epi cells accumualte glycogen in their cytoplasm
  • after surface cells desquame, glycogen is released into the vaginal lumen
  • resident lactobacilli bacteria ferment the glycogen, resulting in production of acid
  • low pH environment is inhibitory to the growth of infectious agents
37
Q

nipple and areola

A
  • highly pigmented epidermis
  • increased pigmentation at puberty and pregnancy
  • long dermal papillae
  • nipple prominence increases at puberty
  • radial and circumferential smooth muscle allow for nipple erection
  • areola has sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and modified apocrine sweat glands called areolar glands of montgomery that lubricate area
  • termini of the lactiferous ducts (ductuli papillares) empty at the nipple surface
38
Q

parenchyma of breast

A
  • mammary gland ducts and secretory elements

- compound tubuloalveolar glands are modified apocrine sweat glands

39
Q

stroma of breast

A

-CT surrounding parenchyma

40
Q

breast lobe

A
  • largest unit of duct system
  • 15-25 lobes in each breast
  • separated from each other by fibrous CT septae with associated white adipose tissue
  • combined glandular structures that drain into a single lactiferous duct and lactiferous sinus, which empty at the nipple
41
Q

breast lobe substructure

A
  • lactiferous divide into interlobular ducts, which terminate at breast lobules
  • intralobular ducts drain into interlobular ducts as the exit the breast lobule
  • lobules are separated by dense CT- interlobular stroma
42
Q

breast lobule

A
  • composed of intralobular ducts, tubuloalveoli and end buds

- embedded in loose CT- intralobular stroma

43
Q

terminal duct lobular unit

A

-breast lobule plus associated interlobular duct

44
Q

breast cancer

A
  • most frequently diagnosed cancer in women in the US
  • 14,000 cases per year in NYS, 2700 die
  • lifetime risk of 1/8
  • risk factors include age, genetics, estrogen
  • most commonly arise from the terminal duct lobular unit
45
Q

breast development

A
  1. newborn and before puberty: lactiferous ducts near the nipple with small branching ducts in rudimentary lobes
  2. at puberty: estrogen stimulates accumulation of adipose and CT, and elongation of duct system
  3. in pregnancy: ducts grow and form end buds that will become alveoli
  4. in lactation: alveoli produce milk
  5. after nursing: alveolar epi undergoes apoptosis, inactive parenchyma reverts to ducts
  6. after menopause: loss of ovarian hormones promotes parenchyma apoptosis, loss of CT and adipose tissue
46
Q

inactive breast

A
  • parenchyma is mainly ducts
  • intralobular stroma is loose CT
  • interlobular stroma is dense CT
  • simple cuboidal epi
  • myoepithelial cells are present just inside BM of ducts
  • appear as triangular shaped nuclei near basal surface and a rim of eosinophilic cytoplasm that wraps around the ducts
47
Q

breast during pregnancy

A
  • parenchyma grows in response to estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and placental lactogen
  • stroma decrease
  • first half-epi cell proliferation forms end buds at duct ends, solid masses of epithelial cells, mitotic profiles apparent
  • second half: epi cells differentiate, involves buds hollowing out to form alveoli, and accumulation of fat and lipid droplets in the apical cytoplasm
  • apocrine snouts extend from the epithelial cells into the lumen
  • eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells infiltrate the stroma
48
Q

lactating breast

A
  • lobules are nearly all parenchyma and very little stroma
  • milk is present in active alveoli and ducts
  • prolactin stimulates milk secretion into alveoli lumens
  • oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cell contraction, driving milk into ducts
49
Q

colostrum

A
  • first secretion after childbirth
  • transitions to milk in a few days
  • higher in protein, vitamin A and antibodies
  • lower in lipids and carbs
  • IgA antibodies produced by plasma cells
  • taken up by breast epithelia, cells, secreted into colostrum
  • provide passive immunity
50
Q

milk

A
  • protein component is released from condensed granules through merocrine secretion
  • lipid component released as a lipid droplet through apocrine secretion

Histology Unit 7 (4 decks)

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