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Path Test 3 > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what are the vaginal fornices?

A

a circular sulcus in the cervix

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2
Q

what is the histology of the vaginal canal?

A

smooth muscle and lined with a layer of stratified squamous cell epithelium

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3
Q

what are the layers of the vaginal canal?

A

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

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4
Q

what are the layers of the uterus?

A

inner endometrium, middle myometrium, and the outer perimetrium

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5
Q

what is the connective tissue immediately lateral to the uterine cervix?

A

parametrium

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6
Q

what are bartholin glands?

A

greater vestibular glands located on either side of the vagina, they secrete mucous in response to sexual stimulation

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7
Q

what other glands also secrete mucous?

A

skene glands

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8
Q

what is leukorrhea?

A

normal vaginal discharge

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9
Q

what is common site of cervical dysplasia?

A

transformation zone or squamous columnar junction

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10
Q

what is the corpus?

A

pear shaped body of the uterus

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11
Q

what are the female gonads?

A

ovaries

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12
Q

what is menarche?

A

onset

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13
Q

how does mammary tissue develop?

A

from increased estrogen

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14
Q

what is the basic functional unit of breast tissue?

A

acini

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15
Q

what hormones increase during menstruation?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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16
Q

what stage follow menstruation?

A

endometrial proliferation

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17
Q

what is the normal position of the uterus?

A

anteflexed and anteverted

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18
Q

what is dyspareunia?

A

painful intercourse

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19
Q

what are the degrees of uterine prolapse?

A

first degree- cervix in vagina
second degree- cervix and uterus in vagina
third degree- uterine and cervix come out of the vaginal opening

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20
Q

what is a cystocele?

A

protrusion of the bladder into the wall of the vagina

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21
Q

what is a rectocele?

A

protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina

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22
Q

what is Turner syndrome?

A

a chromosomal disorder where ovaries do not function

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23
Q

what is menorrhagia?

A

increased amount and duration of flow

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24
Q

what is metrorrhagia?

A

bleeding between cycles

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25
Q

what is polymenorrhea?

A

short cycles of less than 3 weeks

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26
Q

what is oligomenorrhea?

A

long cycles of more than 6 weeks

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27
Q

what is the usual cause of an altered pattern?

A

lack of ovulation

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28
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

present of endometrial tissue outside the uterus on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments, or colon

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29
Q

what is chocolate cyst?

A

fibrous sac containing old brown blood on the ovary on endometrial tissue- this is abnormal due to endometriosis

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30
Q

what is the primary manifestation of endometriosis?

A

dysmenorrhea

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31
Q

is pH more acidic or basic in repro years and why?

A

acidic to help protect against infections

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32
Q

what is salpingitis?

A

inflammation of the oviduct or fallopian tube

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33
Q

what is oophoritis?

A

inflammation of the ovaries

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34
Q

what bacteria is primarily responsibly for TSS?

A

staphylococcus aureus

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35
Q

what medications treat candidiasis?

A

butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and terconazoleq

36
Q

what is PID?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries

37
Q

what is the first indication of PID?

A

lower abdominal pain

38
Q

what may be an indicator of fibroids?

A

abnormal bleeding

39
Q

what is an early indicator of uterus carcinoma?

A

vaginal bleeding post menopause

40
Q

where does uterine cancer metastasize too?

A

lungs

41
Q

histology of endometrial carcinoma

A

adenocarcinoma

42
Q

what is a major factor in development of hyperplasia?

A

estrogen

43
Q

what is staging of uterine cancer based on?

A

degree of localization

44
Q

what can be used to confirm diagnosis of uterine cancer?

A

direct aspiration with biopsy

45
Q

what drugs are used in treatment of uterine cancer?

A

gemcitabine and cisplatin

46
Q

what is considered a silent tumor?

A

ovarian cancer

47
Q

what accounts for the majority of ovarian tumors?

A

serous tumors

48
Q

what are early signs of ovarian cancer?

A

bloating fullness, indigestion, frequent urination, backache, painful intercourse

49
Q

what is the most common gynecologic malignancy?

A

endometrial cancer

50
Q

where do endometrial cancers arise?

A

in the lining of the uterus and begin to grow and invade the uterine wall.

51
Q

what are the two parts of the uterus?

A

body and cervix

52
Q

incidence rates of endometrial cancers are higher among? white women? asian women? black women?

A

white women (black women have a higher mortality rate)

53
Q

what are the most malignant uterine cancer?

A

uterine sarcomas- altho they are rare

54
Q

what increases estrogen exposure?

A

estrogen replacement therapy and obesity

55
Q

what is nulliparity?

A

never giving birth

56
Q

gold standard method for eval of symptomatic women

A

fractional dilation and curettage

57
Q

what is the common spread for nodes in endometrial carcinomas?

A

pelvic and para- aortic nodes

58
Q

what is salpingo-oophorectomy?

A

surgical removal of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries

59
Q

what is a common symptom of ovarian cancer?

A

abdominal or pelvic pain, abdominal distension

60
Q

how does ovarian cancer spread?

A

direct extension and lymph nodes

61
Q

what is the most prevalent gynecological cancer?

A

endometrial then ovarian

62
Q

what is the most radiotolerant structure?

A

uterus canal?

63
Q

what is the most common side effects of treatment?

A

anemia especially in cervical cancer

64
Q

what are some possible causes of infertility?

A

hormonal imbalances, age, structural abnormalities, infection of testes, chemo, pollutants

65
Q

what is the most common std?

A

chlamydia

66
Q

what is the most common site of inflammation in males with gonorrhea?

A

urethra- dysuria and purulent discharge

67
Q

what else can develop in women with genital herpes?

A

cervical cancer

68
Q

what causes genital warts?

A

certain types of HPV

69
Q

the risk of breast cancer increases with

A

estrogen levels

70
Q

is proliferative benign breast disease associated with an increased risk of breast cancer

A

yes

71
Q

what is the most common type of invasive breast cancer?

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

72
Q

which type of breast cancer has a higher frequency of involving both breasts

A

invasive lobular carcinoma

73
Q

which stage is based on all the information obtained before surgery to remove the tumor?

A

clinical

74
Q

which type of staging is generally considered to be more accurate in determining the extent of patient’s disease and prognosis?

A

pathological

75
Q

do breast cancer patients under the age of 35 have a better prognosis?

A

no

76
Q

do black women have a higher risk of having negative ER, PR, and HER2 breast cancer

A

yes

77
Q

in the US do more black women die from breast cancer than white women?

A

yes

78
Q

in US do white women have a higher incidence of breast cancer than black women

A

yes

79
Q

is the most common staging system used for breast TNM?

A

yes

80
Q

generally does the prognosis get worse as the number of lymph node involved increases?

A

yes

81
Q

do patients with triple negative breast cancers have a better prognosis than those with other breast cancer subtypes?

A

no

82
Q

malignant tumors occur mostly in which quadrant?

A

upper outer quadrant

83
Q

tumor cells are graded on the basis of what?

A

differentiation or anaplasia

84
Q

what is another factor in determining how to treat individual breast cancers?

A

estrogen or progesteron receptors

85
Q

what is the usual sign of breast cancer?

A

small hard painless nodule, freely movable but later fixed

86
Q

what is HER2?

A

human epidermal growth factor 2

Path Test 3 (18 decks)

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