Female Genital Mutation Flashcards
1
Q
What does FGM stand for?
A
Female genital mutilation
2
Q
What is FGM?
A
Female genital mutation (FGM) = all procedures that involve partial or total removal of external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or non-medical reasons
3
Q
What are ‘justifications’ for FGM?
A
- Preservation of virginity and chasity
- Religion
- Social acceptance
- Fear of social exclusion
- Ensure girl is marriageable or to improve marriage prospect
- Hygiene
- Family honour
- Enhancing fertility
4
Q
Describe the epidemiology of FGM (countries)?
A
- Most common in central Africa
- Risk is more associated with ethnicity/tribe than country
5
Q
What are risk factors for FGM?
A
- Mother has had FGM
- Older sister or cousin has had FGM
- Mother or father has requested re-infibulation following delivery
- Parents express views which show they value the practice
- Girl withdrawn from all teaching classes on personal, social or health education
6
Q
What are the different types of FGM?
A
- Type 1, clitoridectomy
- Partial or total removal of the clitoris and, in rare cases, only the prepuce
- Type 2, excision
- Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora
- Type 3, infibulation
- Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal, formed from cutting and repositioning the inner or outer labia, with or without the removal of the clitoris
- Also called pharaonic circumcision
- Procedures done to open up and close vagina before and after childbirth
- De-infibulation – surgical procedure to open up closed vagina of FMG type 3
- Re-infibulation – re-stitching of FGM type 3 to re-close vagina after childbirth, illegal in UK
- Type 4, other
- All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes
- Such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterising the genital area
7
Q
What is a clitoridectomy?
A
- Type 1, clitoridectomy
- Partial or total removal of the clitoris and, in rare cases, only the prepuce
8
Q
What is an excision FGM?
A
- Type 2, excision
- Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora
9
Q
What is infibulation?
A
- Type 3, infibulation
- Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal, formed from cutting and repositioning the inner or outer labia, with or without the removal of the clitoris
- Also called pharaonic circumcision
- Procedures done to open up and close vagina before and after childbirth
- De-infibulation – surgical procedure to open up closed vagina of FMG type 3
- Re-infibulation – re-stitching of FGM type 3 to re-close vagina after childbirth, illegal in UK
10
Q
What are examples of type 4 FGM?
A
- Type 4, other
- All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes
- Such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterising the genital area
11
Q
What is the management of FGM?
A
- Normal child protection procedures should be invoked
- Follow local guidelines
12
Q
What are possible complications of FGM?
A
- Short term health impact
- Severe pain and shock
- Infection
- Injury to adjacent tissues
- Sprains, dislocations, broken bones or internal injuries
- Infection by blood-borne virus
- Long term impact
- Urine retentnion and difficulty in menstruation
- Uterus, vaginal and pelvic infections
- Cysts and neuromas
- Complications in pregnancy and childbirth
- Increased risk of fistula
- PTSD/physiological effects
- Sexual dysfunction
13
Q
What law protects people from FGM?
A
Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005:
- Offence of female genital mutilation, as person who performs an action mentioned
- Whole or part of labia majora, labia minora, prepuce of clitoris, clitoris or vagina
- Actions of excising, infibulating or otherwise mutilating
- Aiding and abetting FGM
