Feedback Session Flashcards

1
Q

how long do red blood cells last?

A

3-4 months

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2
Q

describe breakdown into red blood cells

A

broken down in liver and spleen, releasing haemoglobin

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3
Q

describe breakdown of haemoglobin

A

haem component divided into iron component and biliverdin by …………….
biliverdin converted to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase and is transported to the liver with albumin

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4
Q

is unconjugated bilirubin water soluble?

A

no

therefore has to be bound to albumin

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5
Q

how is bilirubin conjugated?

A

conjugated with glucuronic acid via glucoronyl transferase

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6
Q

what does conjugated bilirubin do?

A

goes into the gall bladder along with cholesterol, bile salts etc to form bile

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7
Q

function of bile?

A

excretion of lipophilic toxins
excretion of substances too big for the kidney (bilirubin)
cholesterol elimination
immune function (IgA)
emulsify dietary fat aiding absorption (causes steatorrhoea if malfunctioning)

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8
Q

what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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9
Q

what does vit K do?

A

needed to activate clotting factors

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10
Q

where does bile go after gallbladder?

A

reaches GI tract
converted to urobilinogen and stercobilinogen and then finally stercobilin
10-15% reabsorbed through enterohepatic circulation

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11
Q

what is AST and what does it do?

A

aspartate transaminase

part of amino acid metabolism and protein formation (not quite as specific to liver as ALT)

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12
Q

what is ALT and what does it do?

A

alanine transaminase

amino acid metabolism and protein formation (more specific to hepatocytes but not 100%)

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13
Q

AST a little high and ALT V. high?

A

liver

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14
Q

GGT?

A

glutathione metabolism and amino acid movement

fairly liver specific

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15
Q

ALP?

A

not specific to liver

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16
Q

alk phos and GGT both raised?

A

biliary damage therefore obstructive post hepatic picture

17
Q

just alk phos?

A

probs liver

could be just bone

18
Q

does alcohol inhibit or enhance ADH?

A

inhibit

19
Q

triad of wernickes encephalopathy and what causes it?

A

eye movements
ataxic gait
confusion/confabulation
thiamine (B1) deficiency

20
Q

what is confabulation?

A

can make things up/pretend to make up for gaps in conversation where they cant remember/understand

21
Q

must all death be reported to the procurator fiscal?

A

no

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