FA Musculoskeletal Dz

Question 1

___ major c/s of musculoskeletal problem in FA

Answer 1

lameness! foot –> rear limb –> lateral claw

Question 2

cattle put more weight on ___ claw in front, and ___ claw in rear

Answer 2

medial; lateral

Question 3

lameness grades

Answer 3

1: normal
2: slight, uneven gait
3: slight but obvious
4. obvious, difficulty turning
5. non-weight bearing

Question 4

hands on physical exam big points

Answer 4

start with foot, clean it well!
hoof testers
percussion
hyper-extend and flex digits
obvious sole lesions?
palpation - heat? swelling?

Question 5

anatomy of wall

Answer 5

cornified epidermis, keratin; grows 1/2cm/month at toe and 1cm/month at heel

Question 6

anatomy of sole

Answer 6

softer keratin; thicker towards heel

Question 7

anatomy of feet

Answer 7

front: larger together then rear; more flat; medial larger
rear: oblong shape, concave; lateral larger

Question 8

more anatomy

Answer 8

*2 digital tendon sheaths (don’t communicate mostly)
*dorsal interdig cruciate ligaments
*axial interdigital skin
*deep dig flexor tendon attachment

Question 9

treatment modalities

Answer 9

curettage
wooden blocks or plastic slip ons
joint lavage: distension-irrigation, through and through
arthrotomy/arthrostomy
topical
systemic abx
NSAIDS
prevention!

Question 10

footrot

Answer 10

infection of interdigital skin and DEEPER structures

Question 11

footrot etiology

Answer 11

fusobacterium necrophorum (leuko- & endo- toxin) and porphyromonus levii (“spreads” lesion through collagenolytic enzymes)

neither can get through intact skin, both inhabit bovine GI tract (manure)

Question 12

footrot pathogenesis

Answer 12

compromise of interdig skin;
*24-48 hrs diphtheritic membrane
* 48hrs + can see lesion in entire interdig space

Question 13

footrot c/s

Answer 13

all ages, one limb (sometimes multiple), mild to non-weight lameness, invades subq tissues, necrotic tissues at edges, swelling/red

Question 14

footrot treatment

Answer 14

(gram + and -) abx???

Question 15

footrot sequela & prevention

Answer 15

gets in the coffin joint = complicated foot rot

improve environment, feed addities

Question 16

bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis (BCID)

Answer 16

acute to chronic inflamm of interdig skin, does NOT extend to deeper tissues; heel horn erosion and undermining of heel bulb

Question 17

BCID etiology

Answer 17

dichelobacter nodosus + others

Question 18

BCID c/s

Answer 18

SUPERFICIAL erosions, undermined heel bulbs, mild lameness

Question 19

BCID treatment and prevention

Answer 19

tx: topical treatments, trim loose tissue;
prev: improve management

Question 20

papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD)

Answer 20

hairy heel warts; transmissible dermatitis

Question 21

papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) etiology

Answer 21

spirochete, moisture, zinc deficiency

Question 22

papillomatous dig derm (PDD) c/s

Answer 22

severe lameness (surprisingly small), usually above heel bulbs around coronary band in interdig space; fronds at periphery; HYPERPLASIA of epidermis

Question 23

PDD treatment and prevention

Answer 23

tx: clean + oxytetracycline or lincomycin under a bandage; spraying w oxytetra; parenteral abx? - ceftiofur and tulathromycin effective

prevention: mngmt of moisture/filth, spray, vaccine

Question 24

contagious foot rot - sheep

Answer 24

interdig dermatitis with extension into adjacent epidermal tissue underneath the hard horn

Question 25

contagious foot rot etiology

Answer 25

dichelobacter nodosus, F. necrophorum, +/- actinomyces pyogenes

Question 26

contag foot rot transmission

Answer 26

carrier sheep + warm environment + moisture

Question 27

contag foot rot pathogenesis & c/s

Answer 27

path: anaerobic environment within deep fissures/crevices in hoof
c/s: severe lameness, 50-75% of flock affected

Question 28

contagious foot rot tx and prev

Answer 28

tx: hoof trimming!, systemic abx!, cull for repeat offenders
prev: trim 2-4 times/year, footvax and volar (vax)

Question 29

CAEV (caprine arthritis encephalitis)

Answer 29

retroviridae family, lentivirus

forms: leukoencephalomyelitis, pneumonia, polyarthritis-synovitis