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PHAR 20100 > Extraction & Sample Preparation Method > Flashcards

Extraction & Sample Preparation Method Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three different medicinal extracts?

A

Gelenical
Menstruum
Marc

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2
Q

What is a galenical?

A

Medicinal extract derived from nature

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3
Q

What is menstruum?

A

Solvent(s) used in extraction process

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4
Q

What is Marc?

A

Waste (insoluble) after extraction

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5
Q

What are the process that can be used for extraction process?

A 
Infusion 
Decoction 
Maceration 
Percolation 
Counter current
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6
Q

What are the different types of extracts?

A

Liquid extracts
Tinctures
Soft extracts
Dry extracts

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7
Q

Are liquid extracts more diluted than tinctures?

A

NO- tinctures are more diluted

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8
Q

What are the 3 steps of extraction process?

A

1- communition- inc SA of plant material E.g. by grinding
2- incubation with menstruum- penetration and dissolution
3- separation of Marc and API- E.g. filtration

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9
Q

What can be done to make the process more efficient?

A

1- wet particles with alcohol or water
2- add organic solvent to permeate cell walls
3- inc temp to ince rate of dissolution
4- outward dissolution of solution

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10
Q

What is method of infusion?

A

Drug is stood in cold/ hot water for a short time

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11
Q

What is the menstruum used in infusion?

A

Cold or boiling water

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12
Q

What is the method of decoction?

A

Simmering / boiling plant extracts in water for specific amount of time

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13
Q

What is the menstruum used in decoction?

A

Boiling water

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14
Q

Is the solid material in infusion hard or soft

A

SOFT

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15
Q

If the solid material in decoction hard or soft ?

A

HARD

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16
Q

Is the active principle in infusion volatile ?

A

Volatile or non volatile

17
Q

Can active principle in decoction be volatile?

A

NO- has to be non volatile

18
Q

Infusion extracts from soluble constituents of crude drugs prepared by diluting conc infusion should be used within……?

A

12 hours

19
Q

What is the method of maceration?

A

Prolonged infusion (days) often in aq alcohol and closed container

20
Q

What is percolation?

A

Maceration & then flow of fresh solvent passing over ground material at specified rate

21
Q

What is Continuous hot extraction?

A

Repeated infusion with hot solvent

22
Q

What should be considered when deciding which extraction method to use?

A

Hard- percolation/ decoction
Soft- meceration
Volatile- cold infusion
Cost

23
Q

To prepare sample, need to ……?

A

Purify drugs of interest

Concentrate, derivative and stabilise analyte

24
Q

Purpose of purification methods?

A

Isolate pure drug from crude forms

Remove interfering constituents for analysis

25
Q

Techniques used for purification for immiscible liquids (2 layers)?

A

Separating funnel

Counter current distribution

26
Q

Purification methods used for miscible liquids?

A

Crystallisation

Fractional distillation

27
Q

Is water and organic solvent miscible?

A

NO- immiscible

28
Q

What is distribution ratio?

A

Solute in org phase / solute in water phase

29
Q

Organic layer is heavier so will sink to the bottom- T or F?

A

FALSE- org layer is lighter so floats

30
Q

Problems with immiscible liquids?

A
  • emulsion due to shaking

- where is the boundary?

31
Q

When extracting drug- trying to get it in org or aq layer?

A

ORG layer as org solvent is volatile- easier to recover

32
Q

Charged drug will partition into……?

A

Aq layer

33
Q

What are the basic techniques to remove solvent?

A

Rotary evaporation
Fractional distillation
Crystallisation
Sublimation

34
Q

What does rotary evaporation involve?

A

Round bottom flask heated gently- boils at low temp
Solvent drawn up, condenses and falls in the other flask
Solid left in the flask
Spin gives max SA

35
Q

What does fractional distillation involve?

A

Two extracts with diff boiling points

One collected in flask and one left behind

36
Q

What does sublimation involve?

A

Dries out water from extracts from solid to vapour state

PHAR 20100 (14 decks)

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