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ANS > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

Fetus

A

Developing embryo after it attaches to the uterus

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2
Q

In utero

A

In the uterus (fetus)

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3
Q

Trimester

A

One third of the period of time

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4
Q

Growth

A

Increase in mass of structural tissue until mature size is reached

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5
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

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6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

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7
Q

Development (differentiation)

A

Formation of specialized tissues or organs from a common origin

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8
Q

When does growth begin?

A

After fertilization

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9
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Non differentiated cells before stage 8 (blastocyst stage)

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10
Q

Outer cells of blastocyst form

A

Placenta

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11
Q

Inner cell mass of blastocyst becomes

A

Embryo then fetus

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12
Q

How does a fetus receive nutrients and expel waste

A

Blood supply flows out of the umbilical cord and through the placenta
Diffusion of oxygen from mom blood to baby’s blood but no mixing

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13
Q

When does most of the fetal growth occur

A

Last trimester of pregnancy

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14
Q

When should livestock be given colostrum

A

Before 12 hours after birth

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15
Q

What does milk tend to lack

A

Iron

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16
Q

What is milk mostly made of

A

Casein

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17
Q

What is casein

A

Milk protein that’s easy to digest

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18
Q

Sugar in milk

A

Lactose

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19
Q

What is lactase

A

Enzyme in newborns that breaks down lactose

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20
Q

What can be purchased to raise an orphaned animal?

A

Milk replacer

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21
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Systems in the body maintain these that can be stimulated at appropriate times

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22
Q

Cells that can create new tissues

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

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23
Q

growth or decay i muscle after birth

A

Percent decreases over time

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24
Q

Growth curve

A

Rapid growth in young animals that eventually plateaus the close to maturity

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25
Q

Growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

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26
Q

Where is growth hormone produced?

A

Pituitary

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27
Q

Nutritional requirements in the growth of a young animal

A

Rapid muscle growth required protein (amino acids)

Bone grows steady so calcium requirements are steady

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28
Q

What happens to meat producing animals before they can produce fat

A

They are harvested

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29
Q

What is the end of the growth phase?

A

Maturity

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30
Q

After the animal reaches maturity

A

No net growth occurs

All weight gain is fat

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31
Q

Nutritional requirement for mature horses

A

Not as much protein or energy needed

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32
Q

Pregnant or lactating females have what nutritional requirement

A

High protein and energy

Needed for milk production and fetal development

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33
Q

Milk composition for animals

A

Protein fat lactose

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34
Q

Fattening animals nutritional requirement

A

Low protein

High energy to produce more fat

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35
Q

If a young bred female doesn’t get enough nutrients

A

He sacrifices her own growth and be smaller than her genetic potential

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36
Q

Insufficient nutrients in pregnant females

A

Weaker and smaller offspring

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37
Q

What do we do to control swine extras

A

Even out the distribution amongst moms

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38
Q

Twinning in beef cattle

A

Undesirable because freemartin

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39
Q

FreeMartin

A

Female born to twin male will never be able to reproduce

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40
Q

Twinning in horses

A

One fetus usually dies because there isn’t enough oxygen

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41
Q

Twinning in sheep/goats

A

Desirable because they can handle the extra offspring

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42
Q

Embryo transfer

A

Superovulate the donor cow with FSH
Breed her AI
Collect the embryos
Transfer to recipient cows that carry to full term

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43
Q

After birth.. milk production

A

Rapidly increases and then weans off

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44
Q

Horse intact adult male

A

Stallion

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45
Q

Horse male castrated

A

Gelding

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46
Q

Adult female horse

A

Mare

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47
Q

Immature female horse

A

Filly

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48
Q

Horse parturition term

A

Foaling

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49
Q

Gestation length for a horse

A

11 months

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50
Q

Newborn horse

A

Foal

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51
Q

Term of reference for horse

A

Equine

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52
Q

Adult intact male donkey

A

Jack

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53
Q

Adult castrates male donkey

A

Donkey gelding

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54
Q

Adult female donkey

A

Jenny

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55
Q

Immature female donkey

A

Jennet foal

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56
Q

Donkey parturition length

A

12 months

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57
Q

Hands

A

4 inches in height

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58
Q

Purebred

A

Of true breeding (for any breed)

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59
Q

When is a horse edible to be registered

A

When we have the papers for sire and dam

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60
Q

Characteristics of thoroughbred horse

A

16 hands high
Not sticky body build
Race horses

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61
Q

Quarter horse characteristics

A

Stocky and muscular

Bred for the quarter mile

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62
Q

Character is of the Arabian

A

Dished forehead
High tail carriage
Bred for endurance

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63
Q

Classifications of horses

A

Draft

Light

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64
Q

Draft horses

A

LARGE horses
Very y’all
Bred to pull loads

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65
Q

Light horses

A

Medium sized
Riding horses
14.2-17.2 hands high

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66
Q

Oldest light horse breed

A

Arabian

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67
Q

Most popular English breed

A

Thoroughbred

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68
Q

Most popular American breed

A

Quarter horse

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69
Q

Ponies

A

Small mature size
Less than 14.2 hands high
Some are draft horses

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70
Q

Donkeys are known as

A

Asses

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71
Q

Are donkeys a breed of horses?

A

No

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72
Q

When do you make a mule?

A

Breed a jack to a mare

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73
Q

Mule characteristics

A

Lager thank donkey

Long ears

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74
Q

Hinny

A

Stallion with Jenny

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75
Q

Can Mules or hinnys reproduce?

A

No

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76
Q

Horse have ___ chromosomes

A

64

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77
Q

Donkeys have ___chrimosomes

A

62

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78
Q

Crosses have ___ chromosomes

A

63

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79
Q

Management of horses

A

Feeding management
Normal horse behavior
Breeding management

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80
Q

Digestive system of horses

A

Hindgut fermented (huge cecum)

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81
Q

Why do we have to manage food amount for horses carefully

A

Small stomach

Designed to eat small meals all day

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82
Q

Horse molars

A

Don’t meet evenly

Upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw

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83
Q

Float off

A

File sharp points created by horses jaw to decrease chewing pain

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84
Q

Teeth as a horse gets older

A

Increase in length

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85
Q

Where are the sharp points in horse jaws

A

Outside of upper jaw

Inside of lower jaw

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86
Q

Stomach and small intestine in horses

A

Same as monogastric

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87
Q

Cecum in horses

A

Bacteria do all the digesting

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88
Q

Large intestine in horses

A

Same as monogastric

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89
Q

Can horses vomit

A

Nope

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90
Q

Painful indigestion

A

Colic

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91
Q

Blockage in u turn of large intestine

A

Can be fatal

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92
Q

What can cause colic

A

Intestinal parasites (worms)

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93
Q

If damage of lining of small intestine in horses occurs

A

Less absorption

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94
Q

Parasites in horses

A

Need to be dewormed

Reduce surface area from rupturing small intestine—-less absorption and secretes less enzymes (not as much digestion)

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95
Q

Why do older horses have trouble keeping body weight on

A

Cracked molars so
Particles can’t be broken down
Don’t secrete as many enzymes in the small intestine

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96
Q

Grains are high in

A

Starch (digested in the small intestine in horses)

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97
Q

What should you feed older horses

A

Beet pulp or soy hulls

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98
Q

Why should you feed old horses fiber

A

Doesn’t have to be chewed as much

The microbes do all the work in the cecum

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99
Q

Other important aspects of feeding horses

A

Palatable

No toxins

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100
Q

Fumonisin

A

Mycotoxin mold that can be found in corn and corn screenings

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101
Q

Hay fed to horses must be

A

Free of dust and mold

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102
Q

Dusty or moldy hay can lead to

A

Heaves

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103
Q

Heaves

A

Permanent respiratory problem

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104
Q

Horse feed squares are sold by

A

The bale

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105
Q

Difference in round bale feeder in horses and cattle

A

No bar on top for horses bc when startled they throw their head up

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106
Q

Why is it important to keep hay out of the rain

A

Could produce mold

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107
Q

Pleasure horses can survive solely on

A

Pasteurizing and hay

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108
Q

Important for Pasteur horses

A

Deworming

Monitoring obesity

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109
Q

Ionophores

A

In cattle and poultry feeds and very toxic to horses

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110
Q

Body condition scoring

A

Evaluating fat cover not muscle

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111
Q

Horse body condition scoring

A

1 to 9

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112
Q

Where to look in horse body condition scoring

A 
Along the crest
Along the back 
Withers 
Ribs 
Railhead
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113
Q

Trained horses are used to be lead

A

On the left side

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114
Q

When leading a horse

A

Never loop the rope

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115
Q

Horse vision

A

Excellent night vision
Bad depth perception
Excellent peripheral
Large eyes detect motion

116
Q

Binocular

A

Better depth

117
Q

Monocular

A

Worse depth perception

118
Q

Caregiving behavior

A

Mutual fly swatting

Mutual grooming

119
Q

Why would a horse nibble you when grooming

A

It’s a compliment

120
Q

Horse social behavior

A

Bond to each other
And will try to cross fences to reach separated buddies
Most panic when alone

121
Q

Horse breeding season

A

Lengthening daylight

The season is influenced by geographic locations

122
Q

How can we trick a horse to believe it’s spring time

A

Supplemental light

123
Q

Why trick horses into breeding

A

Designated birth date is January 1

124
Q

When are mares bread

A

In the spring

Every other day in heat

125
Q

Teasing in horses

A

Using a stallion to test reactions in mares to note when showing signs of estrus

126
Q

“In heat”

A

Estrus

127
Q

Cycle of ovulation

A

Estrous

128
Q

Horse classes

A

ANS 110, intro to equine
ANS 303, equine eval
ANS 410, equine breeding farm management
ANS 411, Management If growing & performance horses

129
Q

Adult intact sheep

A

Ram

130
Q

Adult castrated sheep

A

Wether

131
Q

Adult female sheep

A

Ewe

132
Q

Immature female sheep

A

Ewe lamb

133
Q

Parturition term for sheep

A

Lambing

134
Q

Gestation length for sheep

A

Five months

135
Q

Newborn sheep

A

Lamb

136
Q

Term of reference for sheep

A

Ovine

137
Q

Adult intact goat

A

Billy (buck)

138
Q

Castrated male goat

A

Wether goat

139
Q

Adult female goat

A

(Nanny) doe

140
Q

Immature female goat

A

Doe kid

141
Q

Parturition term for goats

A

Kidding

142
Q

Gestation length for goats

A

5 months

143
Q

Newborn goat

A

Kid

144
Q

Term of reference for goats

A

Caprine

145
Q

Sheep are ___

A

Grazers

146
Q

Sheep and goats

A

Small ruminants

147
Q

Goats are _____

A

Browsers

Leaves, bushes, weeds

148
Q

All ruminants have no

A

Upper incisors

149
Q

Lips of sheep and goats

A

Split upper lip

Allows them to graze close to the ground and be very selective

150
Q

Can you graze sheep or goats with cattle

A

Both

151
Q

How can give loose mineral to cattle

A

Hang it up high

152
Q

How do you feeed loose mineral to a sheep or goat

A

Smaller head hole

153
Q

Sheep and goats are classified ad

A

Bovidae

154
Q

Sheep genus

A

Ovis

155
Q

Goat genus

A

Capra

156
Q

Differences in sheep and goats

A

Goat tails point up, sheep tail point down

Bucks are odiferous, ram are not

157
Q

Sheep are characteristically

A

Timid with a strong flock instinct

158
Q

About how many sheep breeds are there worldwide

A

~200

159
Q

Domestic sheep come from

A

Wild sheep of Europe and Asia

160
Q

When did the domestication of sheep occur

A

~10,000 years ago

161
Q

Mutton

A

Meat from adult animal

162
Q

Lamb

A

Meat from young sheep

163
Q

Sheep native to US

A

Big horn (rocky mtn)

164
Q

Current domesticated US sheep descended from

A

From Spain

165
Q

The first sheep imported into NA

A

from Britain to Virginia

166
Q

Selection of England sheep in US

A

Didn’t have the highest quality wool so they selected for fineness of wool

167
Q

If a dog came and bit a sheep in the early days US

A

They were hung

168
Q

Trend of sheep in the 60s

A

Decreased rapidly

Because polyester was created

169
Q

Primarily in the United States, sheep are

A

A source of meet

170
Q

Poled

A

Selected to not develop horns

171
Q

Commercial producer for sheep

A 
Produces meat (lamb) and wool 
Does not sell breeding stock
172
Q

Ewe breeds

A

High quality wool

Good mother’s

173
Q

Sire breeds

A

Higher quality of meat

174
Q

Why change rams every reproduction cycle

A

Don’t want him breeding with his daughters

175
Q

Hair sheep

A

Meat production
Don’t have to sheer
Heat tolerant

176
Q

Dairy sheep breeds

A

To make milk and cheese

177
Q

Minor sheep breeds

A

Hobbies or show

178
Q

Characteristics of ewe breeds

A 
Adapted to environments 
Hardy 
Quality flex (fine, long, medium) 
Longevity 
Milk and mothering 
White face wool
179
Q

Ram breed characteristics

A

Used for terminal crosses
Meaty sheep with fast grow rare
Black face
Not as good wool

180
Q

Suffolk

A

Fast growing sire breed

181
Q

Largest sized sheep in the US

A

Suffolk

182
Q

Defining chracteristic of a Suffolk

A

Wool does not cover poll or lower legs

183
Q

Hampshire characteristics

A

Black face with wool on legs
Very popular meat/sire breeds
Wool on poll

184
Q

Hair sheep evolved

A

In warm climates

Parasite resistant

185
Q

Why were hair sheep developed to shed

A

Hotter climates

186
Q

Popular hair sheep

A

Katahdin

Barbados blackbelly

187
Q

Jacob sheep

A

Four horns

188
Q

Goats descended from

A

Bezoar goat

189
Q

Goats used for

A

Meat
Milk
Fiber

190
Q

Type of fiber produced by goat

A

Mohair

191
Q

Mohair produced by

A

Angora goat

192
Q

Goats in North America came from

A

Spanish explorers

193
Q

Goats in Texas area

A

Feral: short and agile

194
Q

Spanish goats/brush goats

A

Hardy feral goats that can clear out brush

195
Q

When goats were originally domesticated they were

A

Dual purpose

196
Q

How did we create the dairy goat to the meat goat

A

Selective breeding

197
Q

Meat from an adult goat

A

Chevon

198
Q

Meat from a baby goat

A

Cabrito

199
Q

How much of the worlds population drinks goat milk

A

More than half

200
Q

Most common kind of goat in US

A

Mostly meat
Followed by dairy
Angora goats

201
Q

Modern Spanish goats used for

A

Brush clearing

202
Q

Most popular meat goat in US

A

Boer

203
Q

Why is the Boer the most common

A

Very meaty
Fast growing rate
Twinning is very common
Bred year long

204
Q

Beginning of Boer breed in US

A

Brought to US as embryos at nc state to be bred with Spanish goats

205
Q

Problem with Boer

A

Foot problems bc of the wet moist climate in NC

Not parasite resistant

206
Q

Pygmy

A

Popular as show or hobbies

Smallllllll size

207
Q

TOP Sheep production in US

A 
Texas
Cal 
Wyoming 
 Colorado
South Dakota
208
Q

Total sheep in NC

A

30,000

209
Q

North Carolina goat demographics

A

Meat production increased greatly until recently

210
Q

Aggressive behaviors in goats or sheep

A

Snort
Stamp one leg
Head butting

211
Q

When can you breed sheep/goats

A

Occurs between 5 and 12 months

When days get shorter

212
Q

Estrous cycle in sheep

A

16-18 days

213
Q

Estrus in sheep

A

24-36 hours

214
Q

Estrous in goats

A

21 days

215
Q

Estrus in goats

A

24-36 hours

216
Q

Are pregnant sheep shorn?

A

Right before lambing

217
Q

Dystocia

A

Trouble giving birth

218
Q

Biggest problem in ewes

A

Getting them to accept lambs

Especially when twins or triplets are born

219
Q

How to get ewes or does to accept their newborns

A

Putting them in a really small pin

220
Q

Grafting

A

Tricking an ewe to accept newborn that isn’t theirs

221
Q

Types of grafting

A

Slime

Wet

222
Q

Slime grafting

A

Fetal fluids from ewe you want to be accepting

Are rubbed on another’s baby to smell similar to their own children

223
Q

Wet graft

A

Immerse lambs in same solution if placenta isn’t available

224
Q

Lactation in small ruminants is between

A

3 and 5 months

225
Q

When do farmers wean?

A

2-3 months of age

226
Q

Why would you separate ewes/does nursing twins or triplets from singles

A

More supplements the more offspring

227
Q

Weaning time depends on

A

Market or product produced

228
Q

When can an ewe/doe be repred

A

30 days

Normal interval is 40-70 days

229
Q

Main issues with sheep and goats

A

Predators
Foot rot
Parasites

230
Q

How to protect sheep or does from predators

A

Good fencing
Guard dogs
Keep newborns inside (no scents)

231
Q

Preventing foot rot

A

Trimming feet and foot baths

232
Q

Small ruminants classes

A

ANS 408

233
Q

Adult intact swine

A

Boar

234
Q

Adult castrated swine

A

Barrow

235
Q

Adult female swine

A

Sow

236
Q

Immature female swine

A

Gilt

237
Q

Parturition term for swine

A

Farrowing

238
Q

Gestation length for swine

A

333

239
Q

Newborn swine

A

Piglet

240
Q

Term of reference for swine

A

Porcine

241
Q

Swine production iN NC

A

Eastern part

242
Q

Hogs elsewhere..

A

Have more fat bc they weren’t selected to have long loins

243
Q

Diet of swine industry

A

Low roughage

Corn and soybean mill

244
Q

How many hogs in N.C.

A

8.8 mil

245
Q

NC rank in swine production

A

Number two

246
Q

Hogs domesticated

A

Between 8,000-9,000 years ago

Came from Europe and Asia

247
Q

Do we have wild pigs in US

A

No

We have javelinas

248
Q

Why were pigs domesticated initially

A

For food

249
Q

Issue with wild hogs

A

Raid crops

Could bring diseases to domesticated hogs

250
Q

Feral hogs have an instinct

A

To root and this will destroy crops

251
Q

Where are feral hogs in the NC

A

Spread out

Lots in the western region

252
Q

US rank in prom productio.

A

Third

253
Q

Top producing county of pork

A

China

254
Q

Top producing pork in US

A

Iowa

255
Q

Vertically integrated

A

all stages of production is owned by same company

256
Q

When does weaning occur in swine

A

14-21 days

Bc the sow won’t cycle until the pigs are weaned

257
Q

Diets in stages

A

All different at each

Up to 260 pounds

258
Q

Swine noises

A

Grunt
Barks
Squeal

259
Q

Stages of production in swine

A

Farrowing
Nursery
Finishing

260
Q

Pig tail up and curled

A

Pleasant stimuli

261
Q

Swine tail pressed against body

A

In distress

262
Q

Pecking order

A

Establish hierarchy

263
Q

Problems with pecking order for swine industry

A

Don’t want to add a new pig into a new group bc it would stimulate fighting again

264
Q

Swine reach puberty when

A

6 months

265
Q

Pathway of sow

A

Gestation barn to farrowing barn back to original

266
Q

When are sows moved to farrowing barn

A

2 to 4 days before birth

267
Q

How long does farrowing last

A

Can last up to 12 hours

1 to 4 is average

268
Q

Most common problem with farrowing

A

Sow getting tired

269
Q

Newborn pigs are

A

Born with very low stores of iron

270
Q

How do wild pigs get iron

A

From soil

271
Q

Processing newborn pigs

A 
Docking tails 
Ear notching for identification 
Medication 
Clipping needle teeth 
Cross fostering
272
Q

Purpose of docking tails

A

Keeping them from chewing on each other

273
Q

Left ear notching

A

Litter number

274
Q

Right ear notching

A

Pig number

275
Q

Why do we clip teeth in newborn swine

A

Can damage teet

276
Q

When are male piglets castrated

A

Four to seven days of age

277
Q

Boar taint

A

Smell in meat

278
Q

How long do milks lactate

A

3 weeks

279
Q

When does milk consumption by piglets a problem

A

After 10 days the milk could stunt growth

Sows won’t enter heat while still lactating

280
Q

Path of piglets

A

Weaned
Nursery
Finishing
Market at 6 months

281
Q

How long are pigs in the nursery

A

6 to 8 weeks

282
Q

Issues with alternative housing in pigs

A

Can’t handle nearly as many
More labor intensive
Costs more

283
Q

CEFS

A

center for environmental farming systems

284
Q

MAS

A

36 credit hoursNo thesis or research

285
Q

Food animal scholars program

A

Mentors help with learning about food animal

286
Q

Swine management

A

ANS 403

ANS (4 decks)

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