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Bms 345 > Exam One Material > Flashcards

Exam One Material Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS includes the _____ and the _____ _____

A

Brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

The PNS includes _____ and _____

A

Nerves & ganglia

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3
Q

In the CNS, gray matter is located in the _____ or _____

A

Nucleus or cortex

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4
Q

In the CNS, white matter is located in the _____ or _____

A

Tract or fasciculus

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5
Q

In the PNS, gray matter is located in the _____

A

Ganglion

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6
Q

In the PNS, white matter is located in the _____

A

Nerves

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7
Q

True or false: white matter is the communication center of the neuron

A

False

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8
Q
  1. The spinal cord is part of the CNS/PNS
  2. Gray matter in the spinal cord can be found in _____ _____ and _____ _____
  3. White matter in the spinal cord can be found in _____ + _____ _____ and _____
A
  1. CNS
  2. Specific nuclei & spinal columns
  3. Ascending + descending tracts & fasciculi
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9
Q

The brain stem includes these structures: _____, _____, and _____

A

Medulla, pons, & midbrain

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10
Q
  1. Gray matter of the medulla can be found in _____ _____
  2. White matter of the medulla can be found in _____ + _____ _____ and _____ _____ _____
  3. The associated cranial nerves of the medulla are __, __, __, and __ (numbers only)
A
  1. Specific nuclei
  2. Ascending + descending tracts & associated cranial nerves
  3. 9, 10, 11, & 12
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11
Q
  1. Gray matter of the pons can be found in _____ _____
  2. White matter of the pons can be found in _____ + _____ _____ and _____ _____ _____
  3. The associated cranial nerves of the pons are __, __, __, and __ (numbers only)
A
  1. Specific nuclei
  2. Ascending + descending tracts & associated cranial nerves
  3. 5 (located at mid pons), 6, 7, & 8 (located at pons/medulla border)
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12
Q
  1. Gray matter of the midbrain can be found in _____ _____
  2. White matter of the midbrain can be found in _____ + _____ _____ and _____ _____ _____
  3. The associated cranial nerves of the midbrain are __ and __ (numbers only)
A
  1. Specific nuclei
  2. Ascending + descending tracts & associated cranial nerves
  3. 3 & 4
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13
Q

True or false: the cerebellum is not part of the brain stem

A

True

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14
Q
  1. The diencephalon is slightly superior due to the _____ _____
  2. Grey matter of the diencephalon can be found in the _____, _____, _____, and _____
  3. White matter of the diencephalon can be found in the _____ + _____ _____
  4. Is the diencephalon part of the brain stem?
A
  1. Cephalic flexure
  2. Hypothalamus, subthalamus, thalamus, & epithalamus
  3. Ascending + descending tracts
  4. No
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15
Q
  1. Gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere can be found in the _____ _____, _____ _____, _____, and _____
  2. White matter of the cerebral hemisphere can be found in the ___-_____ _____ _____, _____ + _____ _____, and the _____/_____ _____ _____
A
  1. Cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, hippocampus, & amygdala

2. Sub-cortical white matter, ascending + descending tracts, and the intra/inter hemispheric connections

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16
Q

Basal nuclei are _____ _____ and control _____ _____

A

Deep structures & motor functions

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17
Q

Amygdala are _____ _____ and control _____ _____

A

Deep structures & limbic function

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18
Q

The hippocampus is a __ _____ _____ and controls _____

A

3 layer cortex & memory

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19
Q

The cerebral cortex is composed of __ layers of _____ _____ _____

A

6 layers of neuronal cell bodies

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20
Q

Are commisural fibers related to inter or intra hemispheric connections?

A

Inter hemispheric connections

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21
Q

Glia are primarily _____ cells and do not use _____ _____, unlike neurons

A

Support & electrical processing

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22
Q

Name the five functions of glial cells

A
  1. Provide nutrients to neurons
  2. Remove waste
  3. Provide structural support
  4. Support/guide growth
  5. Make myelin
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23
Q

The glial cells of the CNS are _____ and _____

A

Astrocytes & oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

The glial cells of the PNS are _____ _____

A

Schwann cells

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25
Q

Name the 6 classifications of neurons

A
  1. Process
  2. Targets
  3. Direction of conduction
  4. Shape
  5. Transmitter
  6. Effect
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26
Q

Name the 3 neuronal processes, provide a brief description for each one

A
  1. Multi-polar: many
  2. Bipolar: 2 branches
  3. Pseudo uni-polar: one projection which then bifurcates
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27
Q

Efferent neurons carry information _____ of a structure while afferent neurons carry information _____ a structure

A

Out & towards

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28
Q

Name the two neuronal targets and provide a brief description for each

A
  1. Projection neurons: long axons that take info to a different structure
  2. Interneurons: short axons that move info within a structure
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29
Q

What is the main neuronal shape we will be looking at in this class?

A

Pyramidal

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30
Q

Name the 4 main neurotransmitters released and the names of the terminals which they are released from

A
  1. Glutamate = glutamatergic
  2. GABA = GABAergic
  3. Acetylcholine = cholinergic
  4. Norepinephrine = adrenergic
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31
Q

Neurotransmitters may be _____ or _____

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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32
Q

An excitatory neurotransmitter will make the inside of a cell more _____, _____ the target cell, and _____ the chance of an action potential

A

Positive, depolarize, increase

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33
Q

An inhibitory neurotransmitter will make the inside of a cell more _____, _____ the target cell, and _____ the chance of an action potential

A

Negative, hyperpolarize, decrease

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34
Q

Glutamate and acetylcholine are _____ neurotransmitters while GABA is a _____ neurotransmitter

A

Excitatory, inhibitory

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35
Q

A synaptic potential is a _____ potential. They do/don’t get transmitted far, and use _____ _____. They can/cannot be different sizes, and the sizes are determined by he number of _____.

A

Graded, don’t, passive conductance, can, vesicles

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36
Q

An action potential is _____ _____ and will always be the same _____. They go for long/short distances and are _____ __ _____ potentials. The magnitude of a stimulus is determined by the _____ of the action potential.

A

Actively propagated, size, long, all or nothing, frequency

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37
Q

When a terminal is depolarized, which channels open that allow for the fusion of neurotransmitter filled vesicles?

A

Voltage sensitive calcium channels

38
Q

Axonal conductance is impacted by _____ _____ and _____

A

Axon diameter & myelin

39
Q

Will a large axon diameter speed up or slow down the transmittance of information?

A

Speed up

40
Q

Name the five places grey matter is found in the CNS

A
  1. Nuclei
  2. Cortex
  3. Layer
  4. Lamina
  5. Stratum
41
Q

Neurons need a constant supply of _____ and _____

A

Oxygen & nutrients

42
Q

True or false: neurons can store their own glucose and oxygen

A

False

43
Q

Cerebrovascular accidents are also known as _____ and are a leading cause for _____

A

Strokes & neurodisability

44
Q

True or false: gray matter contains more vasculature than white matter

A

True

45
Q

True or false: the symptoms of a cerebrovascular accident can help pinpoint where the infarct may be

A

True

46
Q

The blood brain barrier is formed by _____ _____ and _____ _____

A

Endothelial cells & tight junctions

47
Q

Tight junctions are induced by _____ _____

A

Astrocytic endfeet

48
Q

Define autoregulation

A

The phenomenon in which blood pressure in the brain is kept constant, irregardless of the blood pressure in the body

49
Q

Where there is more neuronal activity, blood pressure increases/decreases (choose one)

A

Increases

50
Q

Define anastomoses

A

Vascular connections made between arteries

51
Q

Why are anastomoses beneficial?

A

If there is a slowly developing blockage within the artery, the anastomoses allows blood to still flow around the blockage

52
Q

The common carotid artery splits into the _____ _____ artery and the _____ artery

A

Internal carotid & vertebral

53
Q

How many layers do the meninges consist of? Name these layers

A

Three: Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

54
Q

Name the four functions of the meninges

A
  1. Protection
  2. Support
  3. Supply CSF
  4. Supply compartmentalization
55
Q

CSF is stored in the _____ ___

A

Subarachnoid space

56
Q

The epidural space, part of the _____ in the spinal meninges, is a real/potential (pick one) space that is filled with _____ and _____

A

Dura, real, fat & vessels

57
Q

The subdural space, part of the _____ in the spinal meninges, is a real/potential (pick one) space

A

Potential

58
Q

A cistern is an expansion of the _____ ___ and is filled with ___

A

Subarachnoid space, CSF

59
Q

The _____ cistern is located between L1/L2 and S2/S3

A

Lumbar

60
Q

In the spinal cord, there are some specializations where we can see the _____ mater. One of these, the _____ _____, anchors the cord laterally, while the _____ _____ anchors the cord inferiorly

A

Pia, denticulate ligament, filum terminale

61
Q

In the spinal meninges, the dura consists of one/two (pick one) layer(s) while in the cranial meninges, the dura consists of one/two (pick one) layer(s)

A

One, Two

62
Q

In the cranial meninges, the names of the two dura mater layers are the _____ layer and the _____ layer

A

Periosteal & meningeal

63
Q

The two places that the dura mater of the cranial meninges are not fused at are the _____ _____ and the _____ _____

A

Dural sinuses & dural reflections

64
Q

The dural sinus contains venous/arterial (pick one) blood and CSF that is entering/exiting (pick one) the skull

A

Venous, exiting

65
Q

Dural reflections primarily aid in _____

A

Compartmentalization

66
Q

Name the three dural reflections and what they separate

A
  1. Falx cerebri: separates right & left cerebral hemispheres
  2. Tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebral cortex and cerebellum
  3. Falx cerebelli: separates right & left cerebellum
67
Q

True or false: Dural Sinus is the same thing as Dural Space

A

True

68
Q

CSF within the _____ ___flows through _____ ___ which empty into the dural _____. Here, it mixes with venous/arterial (pick one) blood and drains out of the head

A

Subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, sinus, venous

69
Q

Name the two main cisterns that the subarachnoid space within the cranial meninges form

A
  1. Cisterna magna

2. Cerebellomedullary cistern

70
Q

An epidural hematoma fills with venous/arterial (pick one) blood and forms rapidly/slowly (pick one). It takes on a lens/crescent (pick one) shape and can/cannot (pick one) expand past compartments. It normally occurs between the _____ _____ and _____

A

Arterial, rapidly, lens, can. Periosteal dura & bone

71
Q

An subdural hematoma fills with venous/arterial (pick one) blood and forms rapidly/slowly (pick one). It takes on a lens/crescent (pick one) shape and can/cannot (pick one) expand past compartments

A

Venous, slowly, crescent, cannot

72
Q

Ventricles are cavities filled with ____. There are ____ ventricles in the brain. They are lined with _____ cells and are continuous with the _____ space

A

CSF, four, ependymal cells, subarachnoid space

73
Q

Name the five parts of the lateral ventricle

A
  1. Anterior horn
  2. Body
  3. Atrium
  4. Posterior horn
  5. Inferior horn
74
Q

The lateral ventricles connects to the _____ ventricle via the _____ _____

A

Third, interventricular foramen

75
Q

In which part of the brain is the third ventricle located?

A

Diencephalon

76
Q

The _____ _____ connects the third ventricle to the _____ ventricle

A

Mesencephalon aqueduct, fourth

77
Q

Name the two area of the brain in which the fourth ventricle is located

A

Pons & medulla

78
Q

The fourth ventricle contains ___ lateral and ___ median apertures

A

2 & 1

79
Q

True or false: apertures are located in the subarachnoid space

A

True

80
Q

Name the structures that compose the roof, walls, and floors of the anterior horn and body in the lateral ventricle

A 
Roof = corpus callosum 
Walls = caudate nucleus
Floor = thalamus
81
Q

Name the structures that compose the roof and floors of the inferior horn in the lateral ventricle

A 
Roof = tail of caudate
Floor = hippocampus
82
Q

Name the structures that compose the floor and walls of the third ventricle

A 
Walls = diencephalon (hypothalamus + thalamus)
Floor = optic chiasm, inferior portion of hypothalamus, and infundibulum
83
Q

The third ventricle can sometimes be pierced by the what?

A

Massa intermedia of the thalamus

84
Q

What two structures make up the floor of the fourth ventricle?

A

Pons & medulla

85
Q

True or false: changes in the pH of CSF have no effect on respiratory rate

A

False

86
Q

CSF is produced by the _____ _____ constantly and actively, and is reabsorbed into the _____ drainage system via _____ _____

A

Choroid plexus, venous, arachnoid villi

87
Q

The choroid plexus is found in the floor of the _____ ventricle and the roof of the ___ & ___ ventricles

A

Lateral, 3rd & 4th

88
Q

True or false: the production of CSF is a pressure independent process

A

True

89
Q

The choroid plexus is composed of _____ _____ and _____ _____

A

Choroidal capillaries & choroidal epithelium

90
Q

Choroidal epithelium are composed of modified ______ ______ and contain ______ ______ which act as the basis for the blood CSF barrier

A

Ependymal cells & tight junctions

91
Q

Briefly describe the flow of CSF in the brain

A

Ventricles —> subarachnoid space —> subarachnoid villi

92
Q

Reabsorption of CSF primarily occurs in the _____ _____ _____ and is a high/low (pick one) pressure system. Because the venous system is a high/low (pick one) pressure system, CSF pressure must be greater than/less than (pick one) venous pressure for the valves to open

A

Superior sagittal sinus, high, low, greater than

Bms 345 (1 decks)

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