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ANS > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

One stomach

A

One stomach

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2
Q

How many types of GI tracts

A

3

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3
Q

Special GI tract that allows for high fiber

A

Ruminant

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4
Q

Digestion after small intestine

A

Hindgut fermenter

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5
Q

Path of food in monogastric animals

A 
Esophagus
stomach 
Small intestine
Cecum 
Large intestine
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6
Q

Purpose of understanding digestive system

A

Recognizing and preventing diet issues

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7
Q

Diet of monogastrics

A

Omnivore or Carnivore

Did not evolve on high fiber diet

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8
Q

Tube from mouth to anus

A

GI tract

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9
Q

Not part of the GI tract but still plays a role

A

Liver and pancreas

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10
Q

Livers role

A

Secretes bile that aids in fat digestion

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11
Q

Pancreas purpose

A

Secretes buffers to regulate ph from stomach acids

Enzymes into small intestine

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12
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of the feed

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13
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes are catalysts that speed up the reaction

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14
Q

Mechanical digestion and

A

Chewing and muscular contraction

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15
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients pass from GI tract into the blood

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16
Q

Prehension

A

Bringing into the mouth

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17
Q

Why are taste buds important?

A

Toxic tester

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18
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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19
Q

Incisors

A

Teeth used for cutting

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20
Q

Molars

A

Teeth used for chewing

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21
Q

Purpose of saliva

A

Moistens and lubricates food

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22
Q

What keeps animals from choking

A

Windpipe is temporarily blocked when swallowing

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23
Q

Action that move food through stomach

A

Peristalsis

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24
Q

Allows for passage from esophagus to stomach and keeps stomach acid from coming back up

A

Spinchter

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25
Q

Vomiting

A

Forceful expulsion

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26
Q

Only GI tract that allows vomiting

A

Monogastric

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27
Q

Purpose of hydrochloric acid

A

Kills bacteria

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28
Q

Purpose of mucous lining in stomach

A

Protection from damage

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29
Q

Ulcer

A

Damage to lining in stomach

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30
Q

Why is the stomach in constant motion

A

Mixing the contents

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31
Q

What passes quickly through the stomach

A

Water

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32
Q

What passes slowly through the stomach

A

Dietary fats

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33
Q

How long do materials stay in the stomach

A

Up to a day in omnivores

Shorter time for carnivores and horses

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34
Q

Chyme

A

Substance exiting the stomach after the food has been mixed with the digestive enzymes

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35
Q

Major site of digestion in monogastrics

A

Small intestine

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36
Q

Where does absorption of nutrients occur?

A

Small intestine

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37
Q

Lumen

A

Central portion of a tube or other hollow organ

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38
Q

Parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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39
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of small intestine

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40
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle section of small intestine

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41
Q

Ileum

A

Last part

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42
Q

Why is the role played out in the duodenum so crucial?

A

The enzymes and buffers secretes by the pancreas enter the small intestine here and must bring the pH levels back to normal or damage could occur

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43
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

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44
Q

What secretes bile,

A

The liver

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45
Q

What is the small intestine lined with?

A

Villi and micro villi

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46
Q

Purpose of villi and microvilli

A

Increase surface area

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47
Q

Effects of damage to the SI

A

Affects ability to absorb nutrients

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48
Q

Peristalsis in SI

A

Moves digests through as digestion and absorption occur

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49
Q

What happens when digests moves too fast

A

Diarrhea

50
Q

Valve after SI

A

One way prevents backflow

51
Q

Cecum

A

Blind pouch between the small and large intestines

52
Q

Purpose of cecum

A

Bacteria will ferment fiber

And this is the only way dietary fiber will get digested

53
Q

What kind of diet requires a cecum

A

Herbivore or omnivore

54
Q

What happens in the large intestine

A

Water absorption

55
Q

Rectum

A

Waste material storage

56
Q

Anus

A

Exit sphincter

57
Q

Limits of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Digestion depends on animal having good teeth
Absorption requires healthy lining
Some things can’t be digested
Other compounds can only partially be digested

58
Q

Examples of hindgut fermenters

A

Rabbit

Horse

59
Q

Hindgut refers to

A

Cecum and large intestine

60
Q

Difference in hindgut and monogastric

A

Cecum is greatly enlarged in hindgut

61
Q

Ruminant vs monogastrics

A

Everything the same except an enlarged stomach

62
Q

How many compartments in a ruminant GI tract

A

4

63
Q

Rumination

A

Material passes back up to the esophagus to be chewed again

64
Q

What occurs in omasum

A

Water absorption

65
Q

Compartments in ruminant stomach

A

Omasum
Abomasum
Rumen
Reticulum

66
Q

True stomach in ruminants

A

Abomasum

67
Q

Where does fermentation occur in ruminant animals?

A

Reticulorumen and cecum

68
Q

Where does fermentation occur in hindgut

A

Only in cecum beaches they don’t have a rumen

69
Q

What goes on during fermentation?

A

Anaerobic microbes digest

70
Q

What can digest fiber

A

Microbial enzymes in GI tract

71
Q

By product of fermentation

A

Volatile fatty acids

72
Q

Where do VFA’s go?

A

Into the bloodstream

73
Q

Main source of energy for ruminants

A

VFA’s

74
Q

What does the bacteria make

A

Protein while reproducing

75
Q

What happens to bacteria that gets washed out of the rumen

A

Digested gets digested in the small intestine

76
Q

What happens to bacteria that gets washed out of the cecum

A

It comes out in feces because no digestion occurs in the large intestine

77
Q

Difference in diet between ruminant and hindgut diet

A

No starches for ruminant animals because it gets fermented in the rumen before it can make it to the small intestine

78
Q

Why do ruminant receive more energy from hay or gray

A

The cecum allows for a second chance at digestion

79
Q

Definition of domestic animals

A

Used by or for animals

80
Q

Wild animals

A

Live on their own and human intervention is not necessary for breeding

81
Q

Feral animals

A

Once domesticated and now living successfully alone

82
Q

Typical behavior of prey animals

A

Evasive
Instinct to run
Always alert

83
Q

Behavior of predators

A

Natural hunting type behavior

84
Q

Instinctive

A

Behavior an animal has that doesn’t have to be learned

85
Q

Learned behavior

A

Environment
Training
Whether accident or intentional

86
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learned behavior through reward

87
Q

Preferred dairy cow behavior

A

Calm

88
Q

Preferred behavior of range cow

A

Alert

89
Q

Preferred behavior in flock protecting dogs

A

Aggressive and live with sheep

90
Q

Preferred behavior in herding dogs

A

Herding instinct

91
Q

Importance of understanding normal behavior

A

Can point out when something is wrong

92
Q

Two ways animal behavior is defined

A

Behavioral mechanism

Biological need

93
Q

Behavioral mechanism

A

How an animal knows or learns to perform a specific behavior

94
Q

Biological need

A

What the animal gains from the behavior

95
Q

How does an animal learn

A 
Instinct 
Habituation 
Trial and error 
Reasoning 
Imprinting
96
Q

Another word for instinct

A

Reflexes

97
Q

Habituation

A

Getting an animal to become comfortable by a repeated stimulus

98
Q

Trial and error

A

Similar to operant

There is no given cue.. the animal is just figuring it out on their own

99
Q

Reasoning

A

Ability to correctly respond to a stimulus the first time it is applied

100
Q

Least common used mode of learning

A

In animals

101
Q

Imprinting

A

Young animals bond to caretakers

102
Q

Imprinting in horse industry

A

Habituation of newborn foals

103
Q

What do behaviors accomplish?

A 
Sexual 
Care giving 
Care soliciting 
Social 
Feeding 
Investigative
104
Q

What drives sexual behaviors

A

Propagation of species

105
Q

Sexual behaviors

A

Broadcast sexual receptivity

106
Q

Care giving behaviors

A

Come from mare

107
Q

Care soliciting behaviors

A

Come from young
Injured
Needing of assistance

108
Q

Agonistic

A

Fight or flight

109
Q

When is agonistic behavior common

A

Mating season

110
Q

Aggressive behavior in ruminants

A

Head butting

111
Q

Aggressive behavior for llamas

A

Chest butting

112
Q

Pecking order

A

Ranking in animal groups

113
Q

Feeding behaviors

A

Behaviors assoc with obtaining food

114
Q

Investigative behaviors

A

New stimuli behaviors

115
Q

Understanding intelligence

A

Learning rate
Vocalizations
Adapting

116
Q

Ethology

A

Study of behavior

117
Q

Purpose of ethology

A

Attempts to classify how animals respond to various situations

118
Q

Physiological mechanisms

A

What is driving behavior?

Leads to better understanding in natural behavior

119
Q

Livestock behavior

A

Poor depth perception
Strong maternal instinct (head butting)
Must be calm

120
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Attributing human emotions/responses to animals

ANS (4 decks)

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