Exam - multiple choice questions prep Flashcards
What are the basic domains of individual differences?
A. Inter-personal differences - observed between people
B. Intra-personal differences - observed within the same person when they are assessed at different times or in different situations
C. Inter-group differences - differences that are observed between different groups
D. Intra-group differences - observed between individuals in the same group
Lay and expert view of intelligence
Western culture: Experts and lay-persons both emphasize verbal ability; problem solving (though in different orders)
Experts and lay-persons differ in the importance they attach to “practical intelligence” and “social competence” - lay people think social competence is much more important
Depends on culture
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
What is the statement of Gordon Paul?
“What treatment, by whom, is most effective for this individual with that specific problem, under which set of circumstances, and how does it come about?”
What is the Systems Theory?
The systems theory - highlighted the place of social context and interaction in understanding human behavior, particularly in regard to couple and family dynamics.
What are the 4 fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis?
Unconscious;
Repetition;
Transference;
Drive
Name EI models
Emotional intelligence
Ability EI model
Mixed EI model
Trait EI model
Name findings of Damian et al (2015)
Large data set of US high school student (N=81,000)
Tested 3 models
FINDINGS:
Personality traits compensate for background disadvantage but not full catch-up –> but intelligence does
Resource substitution hypothesis –> •Extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness predicted income •Extraversion slightly predicts occupational prestige •Strongest is conscientiousness (and parental SES)
•Intelligence for income and prestige (Personality traits and intelligence predict later attainment (beyond parental SES) –> Most robust for education attainment, income and occupational prestige
Matthew effect hypothesis (Rich will get richer) –> •For educational attainment and occupational prestige (but cost of US education may skew this)
What are the main theories of intelligence?
- Fluid and Crystallized types of intelligence theory – Cattell
- 7 Primary Mental Abilities - Thurstone (1938)
- Triarchic theory – Sternberg (1985b; 1988)
- Structure of Intellect (SI) theory - Guilford (1977)
What is the interacting system principle?
The interacting system principle: humans have distinct systems which interact.
These systems are:
cognition,
affect,
behaviour and
physiology.
These systems also interact with the environment.
Define The Power Threat Meaning Framework
The abnormal behaviour has its roots in the life we have lived.
The approach of the Framework is summarised in four questions that can apply to individuals, families or social groups:
- What has happened to you? (How is power operating in your life?)
- How did it affect you? (What kind of threats does this pose?)
- What sense did you make of it? (What is the meaning of these situations and experiences to you?)
- What did you have to do to survive? (What kinds of threat response are you using?)
Explain the approach of Hayes and Hofmann
We need to understand ‘the process in therapy’ : criteria, qualities and modalities (e.g therapist being non judgmental; the duration of the therapy).
Hayes and Hofmann propose PBT - Process based therapy: what the processes are and how they work. We need to understand from the people upwards not from theoretical approach. We need very clear, defined testing in the clinics.
What does ‘g’ correlate with?
Positive correlations with: income; job prestige; life expectancy; job performance
Negative correlations with: criminal behaviour; long-term employment; dementia; death by automobile accident
Explain Rogers view of good life
Good life is not:
- a fixed state
- not a state of virtue, nirvana or happiness
- not a condition in which a person is adjusted, fulfilled or actualised
- not a state of drive-reduction; tension reduction or homeostasis
Good life is:
- a process rather than a state of being
- a direction not a destination
- a direction which is freely chosen
What is existentialism?
a philosophical approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
