Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL228 > EXAM 5 STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

EXAM 5 STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

What are gonads?

A

-Secrete sex hormones
-produce gametes
-are the male testes and female ovaries
-are the format until puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The male homologue to the labia major is the __

A

Scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is puberty initiated?

A

When a region of the brain begins secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is located in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Primary target cells for GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many chromosomes are in a gamete?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What results in the four daughter cells that are a haploid

A

The process of meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

-Mitosis produces genetically identical to parent cell
-Meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is crossing over? Where does it occur?

A

-Double-stranded, homologue chromosomes exchange genetic material
-meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a replicated chromosome consist of?

A

-Sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs prior to meiosis?

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is a tetrad formed?

A

When homologous replicated chromosomes to pair up during meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a reduction division?

A

The daughter cell receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is pulled apart in anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What process results in a daughter cells that are haploid and contain replicated chromosomes

A

Meiosis 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does a mature follicle contain?

A

Secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the corpus lute form from?

A

From the remnants of the follicle following ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is arrested in prophase I throughout childhood?

A

Primary oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is the volume of the antrum the largest?

A

Mature follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

When an oocyte is released from a ruptured mature follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do ovaries contain in a female infant?

A

Primary oocytes within primordial follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is arrested in metaphase II?

A

Secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many secondary oocytes develop from each primary oocyte?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

-Follicular
-Ovulation
-Luteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the peak in a secretion of LH induce?

A

Ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What phases occurs on days 15-28?

A

Luteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Lateral margin of the uterine tube which bears the frimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What encloses the ovary at the time of ovulation?

A

Frimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens at the ampulla of the uterine tube?

A

Normal site of fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the functions of the uterine?

A

-Passageway for sperm
-Muscle contraction for labor and delivery
-Site of implantation
-Protection and support of developing embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the opening of the cervix into the vagina called?

A

External os

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the myometrium of the uterus composed of?

A

Smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Serves as the birth canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens during menstruation with the functional layer of the endometrium?

A

Sloughs off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What coincides with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle

A

Secretory phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A

-Menstrual
-Proliferative
-Secretory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What phase is constant in length for the menstrual cycle?

A

Secretory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What levels are the highest during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Progesterone levels

40
Q

What is oxytocin crucial for?

A

Milk ejection

41
Q

What regulates the temperature of the testes?

A

Dartos and cremaster

42
Q

What is produced in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm

43
Q

What secretes testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells in the testes

44
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

-Process takes place in the walls of seminiferous tubules
-Process includes two meiotic divisions
-Final stage is spermatogenesis
-Mature spermatozoa are haploid

45
Q

What does the head contain in the part of a spermatozoon?

A

Nuclear material

46
Q

What are the stages during spermatogenesis?

A

-Spermatogonium
-Primary spermatocyte
-Secondary spermatocyte
-Spermatid
-Spermatozoon

47
Q

What contains enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte?

A

Acrosome cap

48
Q

How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte?

A

4

49
Q

What stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone in men?

A

LH

50
Q

How does comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce..

A

More gametes that are smaller in size

51
Q

What is stored in the epididymis until they are fully mature?

A

Spermatozoa

52
Q

What is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis?

A

-Epididymis
-Ductus deferens
-Ampulla
-Ejaculatory duct
-Urethra

53
Q

What does the prostate gland encircle?

A

The urethra

54
Q

What does the seminal vesicle secrete?

A

A fluid containing fructose

55
Q

What does seminal fluid contain?

A

-Prostaglandin
-Citric acid
-Mucous
-Seminalplasmin

56
Q

What do bulbourethral glands produce?

A

A clear, viscous mucin to serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

57
Q

What is semen composed of?

A

Seminal fluid and sperm

58
Q

What is an erection of the penis caused by?

A

Blood filling the reptile bodies and compressing the veins

59
Q

What nervous system facilitates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of nitric oxide?

A

Parasympathetic

60
Q

What determines an individuals phenotypic sex?

A

The appearance of the external genitalia

61
Q

What does reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone do?

A

Allow changes to occur in a woman’s body at menopause

62
Q

What changes are associated with aging in males?

A

-Erectile dysfunction
-Impotence
-Decreased testosterone levels
-Prostate enlargement

63
Q

What secretes anti-mullerian hormone?

A

Sustentacular cells

64
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

Third through eight weeks of development

65
Q

What period ends when the blastocyst implants in the uterus?

A

The blastocyst implants in the uterus

66
Q

What occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube? What does it restore?

A

-Fertilization
-The diploid number of chromosomes

67
Q

What gamete remains viable for longer time after it enters the female reproductive tract?

A

Sperm

68
Q

When does the oocyte release chemotaxis signals to attract sperm to its location?

A

After ovulation

69
Q

What is the order of structures through which the sperm penetrates filtration?

A

Corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane

70
Q

What involves in a series of mitotic divisions and has no change in the overall size of conceptus?

A

Mitotic

71
Q

When does cleavage occur?

A

The pre-embryonic period

72
Q

When is the conceptus known as morula?

A

At the 16 cell stage

73
Q

What is implantation?

A

Process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium

74
Q

What is the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Outer layer of the trophoblast that burrows into the lining of the uterus

75
Q

What is human chronic gonadotropin?

A

Hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place

76
Q

What is secreted from cells of the synctiotrophoblast?

A

Human chronionic gonadotropin

77
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

An important site for early blood cell formation and is the first of the extra embryonic membranes to form

78
Q

What arises from the functional layer of the uterus?

A

Maternal portion of the placenta

79
Q

What is chronionic villi?

A

Fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal portion

80
Q

What results in the formation of an embryo?

A

Gastrulation

81
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

The primary germ layer that takes the place of the hypoblast

82
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The development of the nervous system

83
Q

What are the teratogens the most damaging organ systems if exposure to them occurs?

A

When the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo

84
Q

When is the increase in weight of the conceptus largest?

A

The last two months of pregnancy

85
Q

What happens in the first trimester?

A

The embryo becomes a fetus

86
Q

What trimester is months 4-6?

A

Second trimester

87
Q

What inhibits FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development during pregnancy?

A

Estrogen and progesterone from the placenta during pregnancy

88
Q

What leads to the stronger nails and ruler hair in pregnant women?

A

The high levels of estrogen and progesterone

89
Q

What is brought about by secretion of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation

90
Q

What happens during pregnancy with a women’s areolae and nipples?

A

They become darker under the influence of melanocyte stimulating hormone from the placenta

91
Q

What is secreted from anterior pituitary gland and its level increase tenfold during pregnancy

A

Prolactin

92
Q

When is the morning sickness most common?

A

First trimester

93
Q

What is the hormonal and neural change during pregnancy function to facilitate diffusion of gases across the placenta?

A

-Increasing respiration rate
-Lowering CO2 levels in the blood

94
Q

What does estrogen stimulate increase in the late stages of pregnancy?

A

Production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus

95
Q

What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?

A

Contractions that occur during false labor

96
Q

What are prostaglandins and what do they do to the cervix?

A

-Fatty acids
-Dilate

BIOL228 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions