Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammilian Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The mammalian respiratory system is divided into an upper respiratory tract and a lower respiratory tract. Which of the following organs constitute the “upper respiratory tract”?

  1. mouth
  2. nasal cavity
  3. pharynx
  4. larynx
  5. trachea
  6. bronchi

a. 1,2,and 3 are correct
b. 2 and 3 are correct
c. 4 and 5 are correct
d. 1,2,3,4, and 5 are correct
e. 1 through 6 are correct

A

d. 1,2,3,4, and 5 are correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

During an asthma attack:

a. bronchioles smooth muscle contract which reduces the diameter of these airways resulting in increase airway resistance
b. histamine is released during this allergic reaction
c. bronchioles smooth muscle dilate which increases the diameter of these airways resulting in decrease in airway resistance
d. both a and b
e. both b and c

A

d. both a and b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

__________ alveolar cells are responsible for secreting a substance called surfactant.

a. Type I
b. Type II
c. macrophages
d. all of the above

A

b. Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

a. less than the pressure in the atmosphere
b. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
c. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
d. none of the above

A

b. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The term “compliance” refers to:

a. the cohesion of respiratory and muscular tissue
b. the required air volume that must be forced into the lungs during inspiration
c. the ease with which the lungs expand
d. defaulted breathing which is characteristic of asthmatic individuals
e. reflex breathing due to respiratory hiccupping

A

c. the ease with which the lungs expand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin, they alter the 3-dimensional shape of hemoglobin and thereby decreases its oxygen-carrying capacity or oxygen splits more readily from hemoglobin. This is referred to as:

a. hydrogen shift
b. bohr effect
c. hemoglobin transfer
d. chloride shift

A

b. bohr effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A condition in which newborn infants lungs collapse because of the lack of surfactant is called:

a. respiratory distress syndrome
b. glassy-lung disease
c. hyaline membrane disease
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

a. respiratory distress syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Intrapleural pressure equals:

a. 754mmHg
b. 755mmHg
c. 756mmHg
d. 757mmHg

A

c. 756mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of carbon dioxide transport?

a. 23% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma
b. 7% of carbon dioxide is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
c. The majority of the carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion
d. Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for binding carbon dioxide to hemoglobin

A

c. The majority of the carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When the inspiratory muscles contract:

a. the size of the thoracic cavity is increased in diameter
b. the size of the thoracic cavity is increased in length/height
c. the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased
d. both a and b

A

c. the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mr. Johnson was rushed into an emergency room after receiving a knife wound in the left side of his thorax. Preliminary testing procedures indicated that his lung collapsed and he was suffering from severe shortness of breath. A possible diagnosis of his condition is:

a. pneumothorax
b. pneumonia
c. respiratory distress syndrome
d. anemia
e. none of the above

A

a. pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If the lung elastance decreases, then:

a. stretchability of the lungs will be decreased
b. inspiration requires more energy
c. expiration will become an active process rather than passive
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the tissues, when the carbon dioxide molecules enter the red blood cells, the carbonic anhydrase reaction yields:

a. CO2
b. H2O
c. HCO3-
d. ATP

A

c. HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bronchoconstriction increases the work required to breathe because of:

a. increased lung compliance
b. decreased elastance
c. increased airway resistance
d. decreased intrapleural pressure

A

c. increased airway resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The principal inspiratory muscles are:

a. external intercostals and the diaphragm
b. internal intercostals and the thoracic wall
c. diaphragm and the thoracic wall
d. pleural muscles and the diaphragm
e. internal intercostals and the diaphragm

A

a. external intercostals and the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most inspired irritants such as dust would cause activation of the _________ nervous system which results in __________.

a. sympathetic; bronchoconstriction
b. sympathetic; bronchodilation
c. parasympathetic; bronchoconstriction
d. parasympathetic; bronchodilation

A

c. parasympathetic; bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the carbon dioxide transport mechanisms, most of the bicarbonate ion in the blood is carried in the:

a. plasma
b. red blood cell
c. carbaminohemoglobin
d. all of the above

A

b. red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Surfactant is a:

a. carbohydrate
b. phospholipid
c. lipoprotein
d. nucleic acid

A

c. lipoprotein`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(T or F) The presence of respiratory pigments (= metalloproteins) leads to an increased PO2 gradient at the respiratory surface

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(T or F) Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from the hemoglobin

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

(T or F) An increase in the BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) levels in the blood decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for O2, enhance O2 unloading from the blood. This effect will shift the O2 equilibrium curve to the right.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(T or F) Epinephrine causes bronchoconstriction

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(T or F) Respiratory pigments described as having a high P50 have a high affinity of hemoglobin.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

(T or F) Carbon dioxide can directly reduce the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

(T or F) Chronic inhalation of asbestos reduces lung compliance

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(T or F) Breathing in mammals requires the activity of somatic motor neurons

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(T or F) The peripheral chemoreceptors fire only when PO2 starts to fall below the level required to fully saturate hemoglobin, which in most animals occurs only during pronounced hypoxia

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

(T or F) High levels of CO2 in the alveoli cause bronchodilation. This negative feedback loop helps to keep alveolar PCO2 within a set range.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

(T or F) In individuals with emphysema the lung is easier to inflate but it’s elastance is low.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(T or F) Oxygenated hemoglobin releases hydrogen ions. This reduces pH and shifts the CO2-bicarbonate chemical reaction to the right, reducing the amount of bicarbonate ion in the blood, and reducing the total amount of CO2 that can be carried.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

(T or F) Activation of parasympathetic nervous system causes dry-mouth response, a response often induced in humans under stressful conditions such as public speaking

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The kidney has two layers: outer _______ and an inner ________.

A

cortex; medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Parallel cone shaped segments is called

A

renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The process by which the urine is expelled from the bladder is called?

A

micturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

(T or F) Blood flow through the kidneys is much greater than that to muscles during heavy exercise.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The kidney processes ________ of blood per kilogram each minute.

A

4 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The four processes involved in urine formation are?

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

38
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the?

A

Nephron

39
Q

Nephrons are composed of two elements are?

A

renal tubule and associated vasculature

40
Q

The main element of the nephron vasculature is the?

A

Glomerulus

41
Q

Glomerulus does what?

A

a twisted ball of capillaries that delivers fluids to the tubule

42
Q

___________ is the mouth of the tubule, a cuplike expansion that surrounds the glomerulus.

A

Bowman’s capsule

43
Q

The special regions of the tubule are?

A

proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule

44
Q

(T or F) The vasculature of the nephron is central to nephron function, delivering the fluids that become the primary urine and governing the nature of the interstitial fluids that surround the tubule.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

45
Q

What artery feeds blood into the kidney?

A

Renal artery

46
Q

The efferent arterioles flow into ______ _______ beds that wrap around the tubules.

A

peritubular capillary

47
Q

In juxtamedullary nephrons, the efferent arterioles diverge into the _____ ______, long, straight vessels that run along the loop of Henle.

A

vasa recta

48
Q

Nephron function depends on what?

A

The processing of a blood filtrate as it passes through the renal tubule.

49
Q

Where does filtration occur in the kidney?

A

Glomerulus

50
Q

The glomerular capillaries are _______

A

fenestrated

51
Q

A specialized type of epithelial cell called a ________ covers the outer surface of the capillary

A

podocyte

52
Q

(T or F) The podocyte attaches to the basement membrane, a filamentous extracellular matrix produced by the capillary cells. The gap between the foot processes, about 18nm wide, is a filtration slit.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False ; 14nm

53
Q

What cells wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?

A

mesangial cells

54
Q

(T or F) Dilation of the mesangial cells restricts blood flow to specific vessels within the capillary network, regulating blood pressure within the glomerulus to control filtration.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False ; Contraction (not dilation)

55
Q

The filtrate, or _______ ______, is essentially isosmotic to blood.

A

primary urine

56
Q

Like most epithelial cells, the _______ ______ (facing the lumen) and ________ ______ (facing the interstitium) have specialized profiles of transporters.

A

apical membranes; basolateral membranes

57
Q

(T or F) Recovery of a substances from the lumen of the tubule requires a combination of favorable electrochemical gradients and transport capacities.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

58
Q

Some hydrophobic solutes cross the tubular epithelium by what?

A

passive transport

59
Q

(T of F) As water is removed from the primary urine, concentration gradients are created that can drive hydrophobic solutes back to the blood.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

60
Q

Larger molecules in the filtrate, such as small proteins, can be recovered by ________.

A

transcytosis

61
Q

(T or F) Most molecules, however, are not reabsorbed through a combination of facilitated diffusion and active transport, both primary and secondary.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False ; they are reabsorbed

62
Q

The major driving force underlying the transport is the ________________ found in the basolateral membrane.

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

63
Q

What transporter allows the cell to import glucose from the lumen?

A

Na+ -glucose cotransporter

64
Q

The capacity for solute recovery is known as the?

A

renal threshold

65
Q

Secretion is similar to reabsorption in that is uses _______ found in the cells that line the lumen.

A

transporters

66
Q

The most important secretory products are what?

A

K+, NH4+, and H+

67
Q

Secretion depends on _______ proteins and requires ________.

A

transport; energy

68
Q

(T or F) The proximal tubule can be simple, straight tube or take a path with many convolutions; for this reason it is sometimes called the proximal convoluted tubule.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

69
Q

The cells of the proximal tubule are tall _______ ______ _____, with abundant mitochondria and microvilli.

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

70
Q

The first part of the descending limb of the loop of Henle is composed of ______ _____ ____, much like the proximal tubule.

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

71
Q

Proximal tubule are gradually replaced with the _______ _______ ______ cells.

A

flatter squamous epithelial

72
Q

(T or F) Thin ascending limb and thick ascending limb have distinctions that are made because the differences in cell shape coincide with distinctions in transport properties.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

73
Q

The _______ _______ is specialized for transport, and it is the region where most solute and water reabsorption occurs.

A

proximal tubule

74
Q

The _______ _______ is also the site of secretion of organic anions, organic cations, and water-soluble toxins, including pharmaceutical agents.

A

proximal tubule

75
Q

What is the region of the tubule that is specialized to transport water, but it is not a major site of transport for solutes?

A

loop of Henle

76
Q

As a result of various transporters in the apical and basolateral membranes, there is a net movement of _____ and ____ from the primary urine to the interstitial fluid.

A

Na+ ; Cl-

77
Q

On the apical membrane, the _______ transporter mediates uptake of Na+, K+, and Cl- into the cell.

A

NKCC

78
Q

This region of the tubule is an important site for hormone-mediated regulation of uptake of solutes and water. What is it?

A

distal tubule

79
Q

The distal tubule is an important site for recovery of _______, under conditions where ______ recovery is required.

A

water; water

80
Q

The ____ _____ is also the main site of secretion of K+ into the tubule

A

distal tubule

81
Q

The principle cells of the collecting ducts secrete ______ and reabsorb _____, similar to those found in the distal tubule.

A

K+ ; Na+

82
Q

The intercalated cells are able to secrete _____ or _____, depending on the acid-base status of the animal.

A

H+ ; HCO3-

83
Q

(T or F) As with the distal tubule, the collecting ducts are important targets of regulatory changes in ion and water movements, including hormone-responsive pathways.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

84
Q

Regulation of kidney function begins with the filtration process at the ________.

A

glomerulus

85
Q

The ______ ______ _____ (GFR) is the amount of filtrate produced per minute.

A

glomerular filtration rate

86
Q

The GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is controlled primarily by factors that affect the net glomerular filtration pressure. How does it do this?

A

By balancing the forces acting on the fluids on either side of the filter.

87
Q

What are the 3 main forces that determine net glomerular filtration pressure.

A

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure, and the net oncotic pressure.

88
Q

The process of filtration therefore depends on what?

A

cardiac output, the systemic blood pressure, and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteries.

89
Q

(T or F) In a typical mammalian kidney, the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular interstitial fluid is about 18mmHg.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False ; 15mmHg

90
Q

What hydrostatic pressure gradient drives fluid through the filter?

A

45mmHg of pressure

91
Q

The osmotic pressure that arises because of the protein concentration gradient is known as the what?

A

Oncotic pressure

92
Q

(T or F) The oncotic pressure is about 30mmHg in opposition of filtration. In a typical mammalian kidney, the net glomerular filtration pressure is about 15mmHg (60mmHg - 15mmHg - 30mmHg).

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

Mammilian Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions