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Human Pop Bio > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Energy Reserves

A

PCM (Pericentriolar Material): Total Undernutrition
Total Diet is reduced

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2
Q

Malnutrition

A

Can be underwight or overweight, lack of nutrients

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3
Q

Nutrients

A
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4
Q

Proteins

A
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5
Q

Protein -> Amino Acid

A
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6
Q

Protein Quality of Foods

A
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7
Q

Protein Deficieny

A
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8
Q

3 types of energy the body uses

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Glycogen
  3. Lipids
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9
Q

Biology of Deficiency

A

After fat and glycogen reserves are used, breakdown of proteins in skeletal muscles, immune system weakens, children are in greater risk cause it takes more for them to grow

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10
Q

Growth Disruptions

A

Stunting: reduction in linear growth
Wasting: low weight-for-height
Harris lines: Bone growth slows due to physiological stress

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11
Q

Biology of Deficiency

A

Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiency, adequate intake in other categories, liver enlarged (edema) due to weak abdominal muscles
Marasmus: Severe malnutrition in all categories, dehydrated and emaciated

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12
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies

A
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13
Q

Hunger in America (2014)

A
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14
Q

Overnutrition

A
  • Accelerated growth during childhood
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15
Q

Can we adapt?

A
  • “Buying time” - “thrifty phenotype” - Central + nervous systems spared
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16
Q

Vitamin A (retinol)

A

Beta-carotene , stored in the liver, night-blindness, epithelium

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17
Q

Epithelium

A

Dry hair, scaly skin, brittle nails

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18
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A
  • Scurvy (sailors)
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19
Q

Vitamin D (calcitrial)

A

Rickets, osteomalacia

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20
Q

Malaria

A

(bad air) Vector-borne infectious disease, plasmodium in liver and RBC
- ADAPTATIONS:

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20
Q

Ebola virus disease (evd)

A

Direct-contact, zoonosis

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21
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A
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22
Q

Miasma Theory

A

Illness caused by pollution, “poisonous air”

22
Q

Preindustrial Cities

A
  • Social stratifiction (class) led to disparities in risk of illness and death
  • Access to nutrition and medical care
  • Risks of exposure
    EQUAL: Epidemics impact the entire community, contribution to re-emergence of infectious disease
23
Q

Modern Cities, Disease, and Culture

A

Culture has altered our relationship with the physical and biological environments

23
Q

Legionnaire’s disease

A
  • Pneumonia-like symptoms
  • AC duct systems, hot tubs
23
Q

Disease Warriors (2005)

A
23
Q

Environmental Physiology

A

Study of adaptation of indiviudal organism to environmental change and stress

24
Q

Stressors

A

Evironmental condition condition that place restraints on a populations size or range

24
Q

Density dependent

A

Nutrients and disease

25
Q

Density independent

A

Temperature

25
Q

Adaptation

A

Process of attaining beneficial adjustments to the environment
- Evolution through natural selection
- Advantageous trait (physiological, anatomical, behvioral, cultural)
- Increase at population

26
Q

Habituation

A

Gradual reduction of responses to repeated stress
- Individual level (nose blind, etc.)

26
Q

Behavioral Adaptations (Individual)

A
  • Actions to increase survival
  • Well-suited for rapidly changing conditions (quickly employed, reversible)
    -Adaptive and Maladaptive
27
Q

Physiological Adaptations (Individual)

A
  • Systemic response to a specific stimulus (ex. eyes responding to light)
  • Involuntary (Automatic)
  • Phenotype Plasticity: Observed biological changes induced by environment (quickly employed, reversible)
  • Acclimization
27
Q

Developmental (Individual)

A
  • If you were exposed to some stressor in utero, baby, or child (before adulthood) certain populations have stressors that will turn on
  • Genetic component
  • Developmental conversion
  • Ex. Aldeans
27
Q

Cultural (Population)

A
  • Shared understandings and behavior
  • Food, shelter, clothing
  • Allows humans to adapt to all terrestrial habitats
  • Adaptive/maladaptive
28
Q

Genetics (Population)

A
  • “Hard Wired” in a population or species
  • Heritable (Body shape, skin color, ability to sweat)
  • Ecogeographic rules
29
Q

Acclimization

A

Gradual, long-term responses to complex environmental stresses
- A long-term physiological response
- Individual, reversible
- Example: If you go from sea level to Tibet you will feel faint, start hyperventalating (hypoxia), your kidneys go into overdrive

29
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Ability to adjust to extremes of temperature
- Biology (physiology, genetics), behavior, culture

30
Q

Heat generation

A
  • Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic
  • Basal vs Active
30
Q

Temperature Homeostasis

A
31
Q

Temp. Adaptation: COLD

A
  • Behavioral and Cultural Adaptations
  • Biological responses: Insulative and Metabolic
32
Q

Insulative Adjustments

A

Biological/Physiological adaptations
- Vasoconstriction (hypothalamus), Blood flow (subcutaneous circulation)
- Distribution of subcutaneous fat
- Body size and shape (more or less surface area)

32
Q

Metabolic Adjustments

A
  • Increased muscle activity
    1. Voluntary activity (Exercise)
    2. Involuntary shivering
  • Increase metabolism 3x to usual basal metabolic rate (BMR)
    3. Non-shivering thermogenesis
  • Increase heat production from brown adipose tissue (fat, mitochondria rich)
32
Q

Temperature Adaptation: HOT AND DRY

A
32
Q

Temperature Adaptation: HOT AND WET

A
33
Q

High Altitude Stressors

A
  • UV Radiation
  • Cold and arid
  • Limited nutritional base
  • Hypoxia
33
Q

Hypoxia

A

Tissue deprived of Oxygen

34
Q

Biological Adaptations to Hypoxia

A
  • Increased breathing rate (hyperventilation) resulting in a loss of CO2 (respiratory alkalosis) makes all parts of the body basic/alkaline
  • Increased heart rate and RBC count (polycythemia = increased viscosity, can lead to stroke), not effective but used phlebotomy/venesection (remove some blood, doesnt help with thickness)
34
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

RBC leaves heart to GIVE oxygen, vasodilation (vessels get larger in diameter)

35
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

RBC comes back to GET oxygen, vasoconstriction (vessels get smaller in diameter, creates a high pressure system)

35
Q

Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)

A
  • Ascend too rapidly
  • Shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache. insomnia
36
Q

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

A

Brain swells with fluid, headache, disorientation, loss of coordination, memory loss, psychosis, coma, ataxia

36
Q

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

A

Increased BP in the pulmonary vessels, fluid accumulation and swelling of alveoli, chest tightness, persistent cough, feeling of suffocation

37
Q

Andean Population

A
  • Short stature
  • “Barrel-shaped” chest allows for greater lung volume and a larger heart specifically right ventricle
  • More RBCs and Hemaglobin (Hb)
  • Blood-based physiology
37
Q

Tibetans

A
  • Similar Hemaglobin (Hb) concentrations as populations living at sea level and lower O2 saturation of Hb
  • High resting ventilation (amount of air moving in and out of lunger per min)
  • No hypoxic pulmonary vasocontriction or pulmonary hypertension, high levels of vasodilator in their lungs
  • Low birth weight at high altitude
  • Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) Uterine artery diameter
  • Respiratory physiology

Human Pop Bio (3 decks)

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