exam 3 fitb bio 151

Question 1

signaling molecules belong to categories including, hormones, neurotransmitter, integral protein on adjacent cell, extracellular matrix components, etc. generically, these are sometimes called _______________ because they bind to specific a specific site on a receptor

Answer 1

ligands

Question 2

signal transducers include: receptors, ________, and other proteins

Answer 2

a 2nd messenger

Question 3

Cellular respiration extracts energy by systematically ___________ biomolecules

Answer 3

breaking down

Question 4

____________ is necessary in the absence of oxygen to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can still continue.

Answer 4

fermentation

Question 5

___________ allow cells to attach to their environment (ECM) and allow cellular movements

Answer 5

integrins

Question 6

Similar cell types adhere to each other due to proteins called ________

Answer 6

cadherins

Question 7

____________ (no abbreviations) have seven hydrophobic a-helices (domain) that transverse the membrane

Answer 7

G-protein couple receptors

Question 8

_________ mediate neurotransmitter signals from one neuron to recipient cells

Answer 8

ion channels

Question 9

some ensymes have other “helping” molecules, such as co-factors, co enzymes, and __________ groups

Answer 9

prosthetic

Question 10

Enzymes quite often work as a part of a larger system of reactions, called “___________”

Answer 10

pathways

Question 11

The end-product of glycolysis that will translocate to the mitochondrial matrix is called __________ and this molecules is then decarboxylated (loss of CO2) to produce ____________

Answer 11

pyruvate
ATP
NADH

Question 12

During cellular respiration, most of the NADH and FADH2 are produced in _________

Answer 12

Kreb’s cycle

Question 13

Acquisition of mitrochondria must have been the first ____________ event because mitochondria are present in all eukaryotic cells

Answer 13

endosymbiotic

Question 14

Mitochondrial genome is similar to ________________ (full name)

Answer 14

a-proteobacteria

Question 15

__________ is the site where small and large subunits of ribosomes are assembled

Answer 15

nucleolus

Question 16

__________ amount is a lot higher inside the cells (in the endomembrane system) compared to the plasma membrane

Answer 16

cholesterol

Question 17

_____________ are amino acid sequence tags in the protein that allow targeting of the protein to the nucleus

Answer 17

nuclear localization signal (NLS)

Question 18

__________ is a type of an intermediate filament that provides structural support for chromatin and nuclear pores

Answer 18

lamina

Question 19

The ___________ from the sun drives fixation of CO2 gas into glucose

Answer 19

potential energy

Question 20

First law of thermodynamics states: energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only transferred or ________________

Answer 20

transformed

Question 21

Second law of thermodynamics states: __________ always increased in an isolated state

Answer 21

entropy

Question 22

___________ determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or requires added energy to proceed

Answer 22

gibbs free energy change

Question 23

________ is a gain of electrons, which means, more negative charge, fewer positive charge, or sometimes more hydrogen atoms

Answer 23

reduction

Question 24

________ and ________ are the electron carriers in cellular respiration metabolic reactions

Answer 24

NAD+
FAD