exam 3 fitb bio 151 Flashcards
signaling molecules belong to categories including, hormones, neurotransmitter, integral protein on adjacent cell, extracellular matrix components, etc. generically, these are sometimes called _______________ because they bind to specific a specific site on a receptor
ligands
signal transducers include: receptors, ________, and other proteins
a 2nd messenger
Cellular respiration extracts energy by systematically ___________ biomolecules
breaking down
____________ is necessary in the absence of oxygen to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can still continue.
fermentation
___________ allow cells to attach to their environment (ECM) and allow cellular movements
integrins
Similar cell types adhere to each other due to proteins called ________
cadherins
____________ (no abbreviations) have seven hydrophobic a-helices (domain) that transverse the membrane
G-protein couple receptors
_________ mediate neurotransmitter signals from one neuron to recipient cells
ion channels
some ensymes have other “helping” molecules, such as co-factors, co enzymes, and __________ groups
prosthetic
Enzymes quite often work as a part of a larger system of reactions, called “___________”
pathways
The end-product of glycolysis that will translocate to the mitochondrial matrix is called __________ and this molecules is then decarboxylated (loss of CO2) to produce ____________
pyruvate
ATP
NADH
During cellular respiration, most of the NADH and FADH2 are produced in _________
Kreb’s cycle
Acquisition of mitrochondria must have been the first ____________ event because mitochondria are present in all eukaryotic cells
endosymbiotic
Mitochondrial genome is similar to ________________ (full name)
a-proteobacteria
__________ is the site where small and large subunits of ribosomes are assembled
nucleolus
__________ amount is a lot higher inside the cells (in the endomembrane system) compared to the plasma membrane
cholesterol
_____________ are amino acid sequence tags in the protein that allow targeting of the protein to the nucleus
nuclear localization signal (NLS)
__________ is a type of an intermediate filament that provides structural support for chromatin and nuclear pores
lamina
The ___________ from the sun drives fixation of CO2 gas into glucose
potential energy
First law of thermodynamics states: energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only transferred or ________________
transformed
Second law of thermodynamics states: __________ always increased in an isolated state
entropy
___________ determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or requires added energy to proceed
gibbs free energy change
________ is a gain of electrons, which means, more negative charge, fewer positive charge, or sometimes more hydrogen atoms
reduction
________ and ________ are the electron carriers in cellular respiration metabolic reactions
NAD+
FAD
