Exam 3

Question 1

fertile crecent

Answer 1

sites in southeast asia (parts of iran, iraq, turkey, syria, lebanon, and israel). remains of both plants and animals date back to 9,000 to 14,000 years, with barley being the first crop discovered

Question 2

early cultivated foods from the americas

Answer 2

squash, corn, chili peppers, amaranth, avocado, gourds, beans, wine and sweet potatoes (NEW WORLD)

Question 3

how do domesticated plants differ from wild plants

Answer 3

natural selection, wild plants evolved mechanism that ensure their survival in their environment. once a plant has been domesticated, traits are artificially selected to suit human needs

Question 4

what cover crop foes farmer brandt use?

Answer 4

off season cover crops (legumes). benefits include corn soy rotation, water retention, catering nutrients.

Question 5

effect of tilling and agrochemicals on soil

Answer 5

damage the soil (compacting)

Question 6

brandt’s soil quality compared to his neighbors

Answer 6

brandt’s soil was much more nutrient dense

Question 7

how do modern farming practices (such as monocultures) impact our water

Answer 7

much of the chemicals end up in our water supply and leave the ground hallow (unsown)

Question 8

transgenic

Answer 8

organisms that contain a “forigen” gene in each of their cells

Question 9

herbicide resistance

Answer 9

allows one herbicide to be used throughout the growing season without effecting the plant

Question 10

controversy behind the use of genetically engineered alfalfa

Answer 10

grain mixing may occur, may be toxic to cattle

Question 11

purpose of bt crops

Answer 11

toxins are continuously produced and persist for some time, fewer chemical insextides are needed, and a greater range of insect pests are controlled

Question 12

herbicide resistance

Answer 12

inherited ability of a plant to survive a herbicide application (such as weeds)

Question 13

pesticide resistance

Answer 13

inherited ability of a plant to survive a pesticide application (such as bugs)

Question 14

earliest time which people used plants to commemorate the dead

Answer 14

flowers found in a series of graves in mt. carml, israel. dated to 13,700 to 11,700.

Question 15

reasons plants are used in wedding celebrations

Answer 15

greeks: considered a gift to nature
sweeden: thyme wards off evil
germany: bride and groom would hold candles tied to flowers
england/us: flowers are sprinkled by a flower girl

Question 16

days of the dead

Answer 16

day that ancestors can cross back into the land of the living. people prepare by making offrendas with goods and offerings

Question 17

day of the dead vs. halloween

Answer 17

halloween focuses more on myth and legend, the day of the dead is a celebration of loved ones, and seen as a happy and joyus affair.

Question 18

jack o lanterns

Answer 18

originally used by native americans to wield off angry spirits, and eventually adopted pumpkins to make jack o lanterns (originally turnips)

Question 19

baci/sou khuan ceremony

Answer 19

held on a day of astrological importance, flowers are used to express abundance through color and visual harmony. ceremony is about re-birth between the knah and the body

Question 20

religious beliefs and traditions of the people of nepal

Answer 20

all hindu families preform pujas (religious rituals) dharma - correct lifestyles of living in harmony with ones nature in a world of perpetual change

Question 21

impact of hindu religious belief on forest conservation

Answer 21

spiritual forests became a place of conservation

Question 22

how are plants used to celebrate sukkot

Answer 22

sukkor means huts - celebrates the years jewish people spent in the desert on their way to the promised land. palm brances, citron, myrtle and willow leaves reming them of the power of natures survival.

Question 23

frankincense

Answer 23

resinous sap inside a special family of trees that grow almost exclusively in the southern end of the arabian peninsula (western oman) comes from the venus boswellia tree

Question 24

spiritual use of frankincense

Answer 24

has been used by the greeks, romans, egyptians, israelites as an embalming material, an offering to the departed, and a means to cover odors of a dead body.

used medicinally for ulcers, hypertension, nausea, fever, indigestion, chest coughs, and child birth recovery.

Question 25

spiritual use of olive oil

Answer 25

associated with ancient judaism. used a lantern fuel during hanukkah.
used to anoint athletes who were successful in winning contests by the greeks.
baptism in the christian church
anoint the dead in many cultures

Question 26

ayahuasca

Answer 26

uses in the amazon region. knowledge of it was divuleged to shamans in their dreams, learned how to make through trial and error.

described as a 4 hour journey into the inner space of consciousness. absolute silence is requires (except for singing of healing songs called icarus)

Question 27

hypothesis that psychoactive plants helped to shape religious beliefs and mythology

Answer 27

most of the mythological figures that exists in tribal religions originate from hallucinations of ancient rituals in psychedelic religious rites

Question 28

how is peyote used in religious rituals

Answer 28

contains up to 30 alkaloids with mescaline being the most active hallucinogen. consists of strikingly brilliant visions, is legal if you are a member of the church using it for religious purposes

Question 29

how do healers connect physical and spiritual health

Answer 29

taking a herbal bath helps re-center the persons soul with their body. plants are considered good ch’uel carriers.

Question 30

how are plants used by the bai in shaxi, china

Answer 30

typically used for incense, the plants are selected by their color and smell of ther smoke. used to communicate with ancestors, spirits, deities, personal well being, and self awareness

Question 31

khat

Answer 31

comes from the plant catha edulis. yemes most important cash crop. active compounds released by chewing and absorbed into oral mucosa

Question 32

effects of khat

Answer 32

harms children, increased sociability, talkative, alert, euphoric. causes insomnia, increases BP, pupils dilate, malnutrition

Question 33

epherdra species

Answer 33

gymnosperm that produces “flowers” - brightly colored cones. difference between the species because of where each originates (different herbivory defense)

Question 34

ephedrine

Answer 34

hypertension, palpitations, tachycardia, stoke, and seizueers. can also be made into methampheamine and ectasy

Question 35

coffee

Answer 35

made from ground roasted seeds of coffea arabica. native to ethiopia

Question 36

tea

Answer 36

obtained from the leaved of the camellia sinesis from southern and eastern asia (long cultivated in china)

Question 37

chocolate

Answer 37

cacao, comes from the seeds of the theobroma caco tree rainforests of central and south america

Question 38

effects of depressants

Answer 38

preoduces effects of euphoria and well being, beginning with sedation followed by hypnosis (sleep)

addictive: depressants exhibit addictive effects on one another
antagonistic: exists between CNS depressants and behavioral stimulants

Question 39

origin and history of opium use

Answer 39

babylonian and egyptian writings attest to the fact that opium was revered for its analgesic and sleep inducing properties. large annual herb in the poppy family

Question 40

drugs developed from opiate alkaloids

Answer 40

opium smoking in china
morphine, codeine

Question 41

symptoms that accompany with-drawl from depressants

Answer 41

respiration, perspiration, runny nose, goose bumps, muscle twitches, insomnia, vomiting, and diarrhea

Question 42

source of peyote

Answer 42

was named payotl in the aztec empire, cactus native to southen texas. usually chewed and swallowed as mescal buttons

Question 43

effects of peyote

Answer 43

nausea, chills, vomiting, anxiety, dislocation of visual perspective

Question 44

ergot

Answer 44

fungus that parasitizes the growing kernels of ry and wheat. destroys the ovaries of the grain

Question 45

effects of ergot

Answer 45

fingers start to tingle, vomiting and diarrhea follow. entire limbs are affected (st. anthony fire)

Question 46

how variable concentration of chemical compounds in plants might effect human health

Answer 46

higher concentrations can cause increased effects

Question 47

why are hallucionogens applied externally

Answer 47

hightens the effects, can be absorbed if fat soluable

Question 48

effects and dangers of datura use

Answer 48

highly potent and effective, paste has an odor so talking and breathing is difficult. leads to respitory desises if smokes. puts people in a trance

leaves people ill with fever and confused, flushed, dilated pupils

Question 49

health risks and environmental impacts of marijuana use

Answer 49

risk to heart and blood vessels (leaves people prone to heart attacks) impairment of short term memory, increase in anxiety. wasting electricity for marijuana growth.