Exam 2 - Chapter 9 Flashcards
Which test used to diagnose the basis of infertility is done during the luteal or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle? a. Hysterosalpingogram b. Endometrial biopsy c. Laparoscopy d. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level
B - Endometrial biopsy is scheduled after ovulation, during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
A hysterosalpingogram is scheduled 2 to 5 days after menstruation to avoid flushing a potentially fertilized ovum out through a uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity.
Laparoscopy usually is scheduled early in the menstrual cycle.
Hormone analysis is performed to assess endocrine function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis when menstrual cycles are absent or irregular.
A physician prescribes clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene) for a woman experiencing infertility. She is very concerned about the risk of multiple births. The nurse’s most appropriate response is:
a.
“This is a legitimate concern. Would you like to discuss this further before your treatment begins?”
b.
“No one has ever had more than triplets with Clomid.”
c.
“Ovulation will be monitored with ultrasound so that this will not happen.”
d.
“Ten percent is a very low risk, so you don’t need to worry too much.”
A - The incidence of multiple pregnancies with the use of these medications is higher than 25%. The client’s concern is legitimate and should be discussed so that she can make an informed decision.
Stating that no one has ever had more than triplets with Clomid is inaccurate and negates the client’s concerns.
Ultrasound cannot ensure that a multiple pregnancy will not occur.
Ten percent is inaccurate. Furthermore, the client’s concern is discredited with a statement such as “don’t worry.”
A man smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. He wants to know if smoking is contributing to the difficulty he and his wife are having getting pregnant. The nurse’s most appropriate response is:
a.
“Your sperm count seems to be okay in the first semen analysis.”
b.
“Only marijuana cigarettes affect sperm count.”
c.
“Smoking can give you lung cancer, even though it has no effect on sperm.”
d.
“Smoking can reduce the quality of your sperm.”
D - Cigarette smoking has been associated with abnormal sperm, a decreased number of sperm and chromosome damage.
Sperm counts vary from day to day and are dependent on emotional and physical status and sexual activity. Therefore, a single analysis may be inconclusive. A minimum of two analyses must be performed several weeks apart to assess male fertility.
Marijuana use may depress the number and motility of sperm.
Smoking is indeed a causative agent for lung cancer. The use of tobacco also has detrimental effects on sperm.
A couple comes in for an infertility workup, having attempted to get pregnant for 2 years. The woman, 37, has always had irregular menstrual cycles but is otherwise healthy. The man has fathered two children from a previous marriage and had a vasectomy reversal 2 years ago. The man has had two normal semen analyses, but the sperm seem to be clumped together. What additional test is needed? a. Testicular biopsy b. Antisperm antibodies c. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level d. Examination for testicular infection
C - The woman has irregular menstrual cycles. The scenario does not indicate that she has had any testing related to this irregularity. Hormone analysis is performed to assess endocrine function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis when menstrual cycles are absent or irregular. Determination of blood levels of prolactin, FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, and thyroid hormones may be necessary to diagnose the cause of irregular menstrual cycles.
A testicular biopsy is indicated only in cases of azoospermia (no sperm cells) or severe oligospermia (low number of sperm cells).
Antisperm antibodies are produced by a man against his own sperm. This is unlikely to be the case here because the husband has already produced children.
Examination for testicular infection would be done before semen analysis. Furthermore, infection would affect spermatogenesis.
A couple is trying to cope with an infertility problem. They want to know what they can do to preserve their emotional equilibrium. The nurse’s most appropriate response is:
a.
“Tell your friends and family so that they can help you.”
b.
“Talk only to other friends who are infertile, because only they can help.”
c.
“Get involved with a support group. I’ll give you some names.”
d.
“Start adoption proceedings immediately, because obtaining an infant is very difficult.”
C - Venting negative feelings may unburden the couple. A support group may provide a safe haven for the couple to share their experiences and gain insight from others’ experiences.
Although talking about their feelings may unburden them of negative feelings, infertility can be a major stressor that affects the couple’s relationships with family and friends.
Limiting their interactions to other infertile couples may be a beginning point for addressing psychosocial needs, but depending on where the other couple is in their own recovery process, this may or may not be of assistance to them.
Telling the couple to start adoption proceedings immediately is not supportive of the psychosocial needs of this couple and may be detrimental to their well-being.
The nurse working with a client who has infertility concerns should be aware that leuprolide acetate (Lupron), a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, may be prescribed for an infertile woman to treat: a. Anovulatory cycles b. Uterine fibroids c. Polycystic ovary disease (PCOD) d. Luteal phase inadequacy
B
Danazol (androgens) may be prescribed for an infertile woman if she has: a. Thyroid dysfunction b. Elevated levels of prolactin c. Inadequate levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) d. Endometriosis
D - Danazol treats endometriosis by suppressing ovarian activity and eliminating stimulation of endometrial tissue.
Thyroid dysfunction is not treated with danazol.
Danazol is not an appropriate treatment for a client with elevated levels of prolactin.
Inadequate levels of FSH do not respond to treatment with danazol.
In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is a common approach for women with blocked fallopian tubes or with unexplained infertility and for men with very low sperm counts. A husband and wife have arrived for their preprocedural interview. The husband asks the nurse to explain what the procedure entails. The nurse’s most appropriate response is:
a.
“IVF is a type of assisted reproductive therapy that involves collecting eggs from your wife’s ovaries, fertilizing them in the lab with your sperm, and transferring the embryo to her uterus.”
b.
“A donor embryo will be transferred into your wife’s uterus.”
c.
“Donor sperm will be used to inseminate your wife.”
d.
“Don’t worry about the technical stuff; that’s what we are here for.”
A - A woman’s eggs are collected from her ovaries, fertilized in the laboratory with sperm, and transferred to her uterus after normal embryonic development has occurred.
Transferring a donor embryo to the woman’s uterus describes the procedure for a donor embryo.
Inseminating the woman with donor sperm describes therapeutic donor insemination.
Telling the client not to worry discredits the client’s need for teaching and is not the most appropriate response.
With regard to the assessment of female, male, and couple infertility, nurses should be aware that:
a.
The couple’s religious, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds provide emotional clutter that does not affect the clinical scientific diagnosis
b.
The investigation takes several months and can be very costly
c.
The woman is assessed first; if she is not the problem, the male partner is analyzed
d.
Semen analysis is for men; the postcoital test is for women
B - Fertility assessment and diagnosis take time, money, and commitment from the couple.
Religious, cultural, and ethnic-bred attitudes about fertility and related issues always have an effect on diagnosis and assessment.
Both partners are assessed systematically and simultaneously, as individuals and as a couple.
Semen analysis is for men, but the postcoital test is for the couple.
In their role of implementing a plan of care for infertile couples, nurses should:
a.
Be comfortable with their own sexuality and nonjudgmental about others to effectively counsel their clients
b.
Know about such nonmedical remedies as diet, exercise, and stress management
c.
Be able to direct clients to sources of information about what herbs to take that might help and which ones to avoid
d.
Do all of these plus be knowledgeable about potential drug and surgical remedies
D - Nurses should also be cognizant that a number of surgical procedures can be used for problems related to female infertility.
Nurses can help couples express and discuss their feelings as honestly as possible. The nurse must be comfortable with his or her own sexuality.
The nurse should be aware that simple changes in lifestyle may be effective in assisting the infertile couple.
Most herbal remedies have not been proven effective.
Many factors, male and female, contribute to normal fertility. Approximately 40% of cases of infertility are related to the female partner. These alterations in physiology belong to one of five categories. Choose all that apply. a. Congenital or developmental factors b. Hormonal or ovulatory factors c. Tubal or peritoneal factors d. Uterine factors e. Emotional or psychologic factors
A,B,C,D - Female infertility can be attributed to alterations in any one of these systems along with possible vaginal-cervical factors.
The diagnosis and treatment of infertility require considerable emotional investment and may cause psychologic stress. However, this is not considered one of the factors associated with infertility. Feelings connected with infertility are many and complex. Resolve is an organization that provides support, advocacy, and education for both clients and health care providers.
Which test is performed around the time of ovulation to diagnose the basis of infertility?
a. Hysterosalpingogram
b. Ultrasonography
c. Laparoscopy
d. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level
B - Ultrasonography is performed around the time of ovulation to assess pelvic structures for abnormalities, to verify follicular development, and to assess the thickness of the endometrium. A hysterosalpingogram is scheduled 2 to 5 days after menstruation to avoid flushing a potentially fertilized ovum out through a uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity. Laparoscopy is usually scheduled early in the menstrual cycle. Hormone analysis is performed to assess endocrine function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis when menstrual cycles are absent or irregular
An infertility specialist prescribes clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene) for a woman
experiencing infertility. She is very concerned about the risk of multiple pregnancies. What is the
nurses most appropriate response?
a. This is a legitimate concern. Would you like to discuss further the chances of multiple
pregnancies before your treatment begins?
b. No one has ever had more than triplets with Clomid.
c. Ovulation will be monitored with ultrasound to ensure that multiple pregnancies will not
happen.
d. Ten percent is a very low risk, so you dont need to worry too much.
A - The incidence of multiple pregnancies with the use of these medications is higher than 25%. The
clients concern is legitimate and should be discussed so that she can make an informed decision.
Stating that no one has ever had more than triplets with Clomid is inaccurate and negates the
clients concerns. Ultrasound cannot ensure that a multiple pregnancy will not occur, and 10% is
inaccurate. Furthermore, the clients concern is discredited with a statement such as, dont worry.
A man smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. He wants to know if smoking is
contributing to the difficulty he and his wife are having getting pregnant. Which guidance should
the nurse provide?
a. Your sperm count seems to be okay in the first semen analysis.
b. Only marijuana cigarettes affect sperm count.
c. Although smoking has no effect on sperm count, it can give you lung cancer.
d. Smoking can reduce the quality of your sperm
D - Cigarette smoking has detrimental effects on sperm and has been associated with abnormal
sperm, a decreased number of sperm, and chromosomal damage. The nurse may suggest a
smoking cessation program to increase the fertility of the male partner. Sperm counts vary from
day to day and are dependent on emotional and physical status and sexual activity. Therefore, a
single analysis may be inconclusive. A minimum of two analyses must be performed several
weeks apart to assess male fertility. Marijuana use may depress the number and motility of
sperm. Smoking is indeed a causative agent for lung cancer.
A couple comes in for an infertility workup, having attempted to achieve pregnancy for 2
years. The woman, 37 years of age, has always had irregular menstrual cycles but is otherwise
healthy. The man has fathered two children from a previous marriage and had a vasectomy
reversal 2 years ago. The man has had two normal semen analyses, but the sperm seem to be
clumped together. What additional testing is needed?
a. Testicular biopsy
b. Antisperm antibodies
c. FSH level
d. Examination for testicular infection
C - This scenario does not indicate that the woman has had any testing related to her irregular
menstrual cycles. Hormone analysis is performed to assess endocrine function of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis when menstrual cycles are absent or irregular. Determining
the blood levels of prolactin, FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, and
thyroid hormones may be necessary to diagnose the cause of the womans irregular menstrual
cycles
