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ANS > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Do domestic animals menstruate?

A

No
Only primates
Domestic animals have an estrous cycle

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2
Q

Where are sperm produces

A

Tested

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3
Q

Where are eggs (ovum) produced?

A

Ovaries

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4
Q

Fertilized egg

A

Embryo or zygote

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5
Q

Why is the growth of a dam so important

A

The fetus must pass through a bone opening that needs to be big enough so the fetus doesn’t suffocate

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6
Q

What does the ovary contain thousands of

A

Follicles that contain an ovum or egg

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7
Q

Follicles I’m litter bearing animals

A

Several follicles mature simultaneously

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8
Q

Why do the follicles on ovaries receive an abundance of blood supply

A

Nutrients and hormones

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9
Q

Hormones develop in response to

A

Hormones called gonadotropin

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10
Q

Outcomes of follicles on ovaries

A

Some die and some become free floating after they rupture

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11
Q

Follicular development occurs

A

At one ovary at a time

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12
Q

Ovulation

A

The follicle ruptures and the egg releases

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13
Q

What forms in place of a ruptured follicle

A

Corpus luteum

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14
Q

Corpus luteum purpose

A

Secretes progesterone onto the bloodstream

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15
Q

What happens after the corpus luteum dies

A

Corpus albicans

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16
Q

Corpus means

A

Body

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17
Q

Luteum means

A

Yellow

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18
Q

Albicans means

A

White

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19
Q

Function of corpus albicans

A

Nothing

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20
Q

How long is the estrous cycle

A

21 days

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21
Q

Specialized end of oviduct

A

Fimbriae

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22
Q

Fimbria

A

Lacy edge of funnel shaped end close to ovary that picks up ovulated eggs

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23
Q

Fertilization and early embryonic development take place on

A

The oviduct

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24
Q

Embryo

A

Fertilized egg

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25
Q

Fetus

A

Implanted embryo in uterus

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26
Q

Gestation

A

Refers to pregnancy and more specifically how long she is pregnant

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27
Q

Muscular organ

A

Uterus

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28
Q

Responsible for housing fetus

A

Uterus

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29
Q

Secondary function of uterus

A

Releases hormone that regresses luteal tissue

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30
Q

Cervix function

A

Keeps bacteria from entering uterus

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31
Q

Cervix state during pregnancy

A

Tightly closed

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32
Q

Thick muscular organ

A

Cervix

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33
Q

Site of semen disposition

A

Vagina

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34
Q

Importance of observing sperm in breeding male

A

To make sure they are strong enough to make it to the end of the birth canal

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35
Q

External female genitalia

A

Vulva

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36
Q

Complementary to the ovary

A

Testicles

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37
Q

Why do the testicles drop?

A

Body temperature is too warm for sperm to develop

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38
Q

Scrotum

A

Surround testes

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39
Q

Testicle

A

Scrotum plus testes

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40
Q

Degree of drop in hot weather

A

Hang low in hot weather

Keeps the developing sperm cooler

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41
Q

Vasectomy

A

Cut close or pinch off the vas def

Still ejaculates but no sperm

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42
Q

Function of testicles

A

Produce sperm

Produce hormones that get secreted into the bloodstream

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43
Q

Male hormones

A

Testosterone

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44
Q

Purpose of castration

A

Removing testicles to remove aggressive behavior in Males

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45
Q

A new group of sperm begins to develop every day

A

Three to seven days

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46
Q

How long does sperm take to mature

A

6 to 8 weeks

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47
Q

Where are sperm matured and stored

A

Epididymis

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48
Q

Seasonal breeders

A

Do not produce viable sperm year round

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49
Q

Vas deferns

A

Muscular tube

The passage for sperm from epididymus to urethra during ejaculation

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50
Q

Which direction do sperm travel

A

Up

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51
Q

Sperm plus secondary sex organs

A

Semen

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52
Q

Function of penis

A

To get semen into female reproductive tract

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53
Q

Urethra

A

Central canal in the penis

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54
Q

Exit for reproductive and urinary systems

A

Urethra

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55
Q

Sheath

A

Specialized pouch in which the penis remains when not in use

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56
Q

Function of sheath

A

Producing pheromones

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57
Q

Why is it important to keep the sheath clean

A

Could build up products and obstruct the urethra

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58
Q

Hormones are..

A

Natural and produced by the body

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59
Q

Target tissue

A

Has receptor for a specific hormone

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60
Q

Endocrinology

A

Science of hormones

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61
Q

Three groups of reproductive hormones

A

Gonadotropins
Sex steroids/prostaglandins
Mammotrophins

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62
Q

Gonadotropins in females

A

Stimulate ovary
FSH
LH

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63
Q

Sex steroids/prostaglandins in females

A

Direct control of reproductive state

Estrogen and progesterone

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64
Q

Mammotropins in female

A

Involved with lactation

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65
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Produced by the pituitary gland and travels through the bloodstream
Stimulates all stages of follicle growth, especially early periods

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66
Q

Where does FSH come from?

A

Brain

Pituitary

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67
Q

What produces estrogen

A

Mature follicles

Placenta and embryos

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68
Q

Where is estrogen secreted

A

Into the blood stream

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69
Q

When are estrogen levels high

A

Right before ovulation

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70
Q

Responsible for female mating behaviors

A

Estrogen

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71
Q

Lutenizing hormone

A

Stimulates final growth of follicles
Causes ovulation
Stimulates corpus luteum formation

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72
Q

What produces progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

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73
Q

What is progesterone responsible for?

A

Maintaining pregnancy

Inhibits pituitary gland from creating more follicles

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74
Q

Prostaglandin causes

A

Uterine contractions at birth

Luteal regression

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75
Q

Pro

A

For

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76
Q

Lactation

A

Giving milk

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77
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Pituitary

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78
Q

Purpose of prolactin

A

Stimulates synthesis of milk

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79
Q

Purpose of oxytocin

A

Milk excretion

Stimulates uterine contractions at parturition

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80
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Uterus and brain

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81
Q

Gestation

A

Period of time she’s pregnant

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82
Q

Parturition

A

Giving birth

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83
Q

Lactation

A

Secreting milk

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84
Q

Reproductive cycle

A 
Estrous 
Breeding
Pregnancy
Parturition 
Lactation
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85
Q

How do reproductive organs communicate

A

Through hormones in the blood and nerves

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86
Q

Where is milk stored

A

Mammary gland

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87
Q

Puberty

A

The age at which an animal is capable of adult reproductive function

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88
Q

Female puberty

A

Estrus

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89
Q

Estrus

A

Production of fertile eggs and maintenance of pregnancy

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90
Q

Male puberty

A

Libido

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91
Q

Libido

A

Mating and production of fertile sperm

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92
Q

Estrous cycle

A

Repeatable sequence of events that results in female becoming sexually receptive

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93
Q

When are females receptive to the male

A

Ovulation time
“In heat”
“Estrus”

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94
Q

What destroys CL

A

Prostaglandin released from uterus if female is not pregnant

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95
Q

When a female is pregnant.. prostaglandins..

A

Are not released by the uterus

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96
Q

How do you know she’s pregnant

A

Ultrasound

Recital palpation

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97
Q

Ultrasound

A

Probe inserted into rectum

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98
Q

Rectal palpation

A

Feeling the reproductive tract with your hand

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99
Q

Parturition

A

Birth process

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100
Q

What initiates parturition

A

Fetus

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101
Q

During lactation… blood status?

A

Enlarged milk veins

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102
Q

In males: FSH and LH involvement

A 
Sperm production (spermatogenis) 
Stimulate testosterone production is (mostly LH)
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103
Q

Natural breeding for males?

A

Sometimes

Breeding soundness exam

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104
Q

Careers in animal reproduction

A 
AI breeding technician 
Boat stud manager
Bull stud manager
Equine breeding manager 
Embryo lab technician 
Semen lab technician
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105
Q

Animal reproduction

A

ANS 220 (domestic mammals)

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106
Q

Physiology

A

ANS 205 or ZO/BIO 250

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107
Q

Advanced reproductive

A

ANS 452

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108
Q

Goal of animal health

A

Prevent morbidity and mortality

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109
Q

Mortality

A

Death (in % of total animals)

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110
Q

Morbidity

A

Sickness (in % of total animals)

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111
Q

Animal health has two components

A

Prevention

Treatment/management of sick animals

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112
Q

Prevention

A

Managing animals so they don’t become sick

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113
Q

Treatment

A

Isolation

Medication

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114
Q

Healthy animal indications

A

Good body condition
Alert and aware
Interested in eating
Stays with group

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115
Q

Good body condition refers to

A

Amount of fat on body

Fat is an energy reserve

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116
Q

What should you make sure of in your animals environment

A

Shelter
Sharp objects
No sudden changes in feed

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117
Q

Why is exercise important

A

For physical and mental health

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118
Q

Vet recommends providing

A

Deworm

Vaccines

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119
Q

How does the immune system work?

A

Immunity response

-production of antibodies

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120
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign substance in the body

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121
Q

Why do antibodies clump antigens together,

A

To get eaten by macrophages

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122
Q

Sick response comes from

A

First exposure to antigen

Immune response

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123
Q

Factory cells

A

Stored antibodies for a specific decision that has already affected the body
Will only protect against one type

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124
Q

Why might an animal not show signs of sickness while fighting a disease?

A

The animals immune system remember the antigens of they’ve seen them before
Production of antibodies can be done quickly

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125
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Type of white blood cell that is a part of the immune system

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126
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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127
Q

Where do lymphocytes comes from

A

Stem cells in bone marrow and

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128
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

Bone marro

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129
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

thymus

130
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins

131
Q

What do T cells do

A

Multiply in the thymus

132
Q

Types of T cells

A

Memory
Helper
Regulatory
Cytotoxic

133
Q

Memory T cells

A

Remember antigen

134
Q

Peripheral tissue

A

The rest of the body

135
Q

Where do T cells go

A

Through blood or lymph

136
Q

Horse disease

A

West nile

137
Q

How do vaccines work

A

Injected with harmless antigen

138
Q

Two types of vaccines

A

Killed

Modified live

139
Q

Killed vaccine

A

Heat treated or dead

140
Q

Important part of vaccinations

A

Animal must have a functioning immune system in order for a vaccine to work

141
Q

Efficacy

A

How well a vaccine is going to prevent a disease

142
Q

Ideal vaccine

A

Causes immune response to desired disease
Is safe with no serious side effects
Is stable during storage and shipping
Economical

143
Q

Vaccines only prevent

A

Infectious diseases

144
Q

Some vaccines cannot be used on

A

Pregnant animals

145
Q

Titer

A

Antibody levels in blood stream

146
Q

Pattern of antibody production in vaccines

A

Goes up then down

Takes time to increase enough for the animal to be protected

147
Q

How long does the antibody titer get the highest

A

3 weeks to a month

148
Q

Stronger antibody response

A

Modified live

149
Q

Most common vaccine

A

Killed vaccine

Because most modified can’t be used on pregnant

150
Q

How many times do you vaccinate

A

Twice for one vaccinate
One and then a booster
And then a booster every year

151
Q

How are vaccines given

A

IM OR SQ

152
Q

IM

A

Intramuscular

Into the neck for livestock

153
Q

SQ

A

Subcutaneous

Under skin

154
Q

New way of giving vaccines

A

Intranasal

155
Q

Two types of immunity

A

Active

Passive

156
Q

Active immunity

A

Animals immune system makes antibodies to fight off the diseases

157
Q

Passive immunity

A

Newborn gets antibodies from mother

158
Q

Colostrum

A

First milk produced by the dam on first day

Good source of nutrients and antibodies

159
Q

Where are the antibodies absorbed in the newborn baby

A

Through large holes in the small intestine and into the bloodstream

160
Q

Antibody hole close up within

A

12 hours

161
Q

What kinds of antibodies are found in the colostrum

A

Antibodies the female has

162
Q

What happens if the mare doesn’t produce milk

A

The animal will be healthy until exposed to a disease

Then it usually does, often from a simple disease

163
Q

How can colostrum be used in the future

A

It can be frozen and stored

Can combine from several dams

164
Q

Two types of diseases

A

Infectious

Non infectious

165
Q

What causes infectious diseases

A

Pathogenic organisms

166
Q

Where do pathogenic disease organisms come from?

A

Environment or another animal

167
Q

Pathogenic organisms

A

Spread from one animal to another

168
Q

Non infectious diseases

A

Not contagious

Can’t be cured with medication

169
Q

Examples of non infectious diseases

A

Nutritional

Genetics

170
Q

How do you treat non infectious diseases

A

Control symptoms

171
Q

People who work with animals should be vaccinated for

A

Tetanus

172
Q

Where is tetanus bacteria located in an animal

A

GI Tract where it does no harm

173
Q

Where is tetanus bacteria found?

A

Spores in the soil

174
Q

When are tetanus spores a worry

A

When they come in contact with puncture wounds

175
Q

What should people who work with unknown animals be vaccinated for?

A

Rabies and tetanus

176
Q

Does rabies have a cure?

A

No

177
Q

Zoonotic

A

Disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans

178
Q

Examples of zoonotic diseases

A

Rabies
Ringworm
West nile

179
Q

Immune globulins

A

Antibodies

180
Q

Why should you never combine vaccines yourself

A

Could inactivate them

181
Q

What should we minimize in animal health

A

Transmission possibilities

Biosecurity

182
Q

Disease diagnostic labs

A

Livestock can be taken here to discover cause of death if unknown

183
Q

Necropsy

A

Systematic approach

Autopsy on animals

184
Q

What is involved with a necropsy

A

Gross anatomy
Histology
Bacteriology
Virology

185
Q

Careers in animal health

A

Vet-8 yrs
Certified vet technician-2 yrs plus training
Pharm sales -BS
Research- masters (2 years beyond BS)

186
Q

MRNA

A

messenger RNA

Template which directs assembly of amino acids into proteins

187
Q

Genomics

A

Estimating genetic composition of animals and the function of the genes

188
Q

Proteomics

A

Estimating function of genes in animals based on proteins they produce

189
Q

Population genetics

A

Estimating phenotypic change in populations of animals

190
Q

Homeland of all dogs

A

East Asia

191
Q

Chromosome

A

Collection of genes

192
Q

Somatic cells have

A

Paired chromosomes

193
Q

Gametes have

A

One copy of the chromosome

194
Q

Diploid

A

Paired chromosomes

195
Q

Haploid

A

One copy of the chromosome

196
Q

Dilution gene

A

Gene that affects other loci

197
Q

Breeding animals are selected based on

A

Genetics

198
Q

Environmental characteristics

A

Affect the phenotype of an animal and cannot be selected

199
Q

Heritability

A

Refers to what proportion of total variation or phenotypic differences among animals that is due to differences in genotype

200
Q

100% heritable

A

Coat color and eye color

201
Q

Most traits involve

A

Both a genetic and environmental component

202
Q

The higher the heritability number

A

The greater the influence of genetics

203
Q

Formula for genetic change

A

Selection differential x heritability

204
Q

Selection differential

A

Superiority of selected animals compared o the average of a herd or group of animals

205
Q

Crossbreeding purpose

A

To improve offsprings

206
Q

Inbreeding

A

More closely related

207
Q

Outcrossing

A

Mating breeds farther apart

208
Q

Tracing maternal ancestry

A

DNA in mitochondria

209
Q

Tracing paternal ancestry

A

Y chromosome

210
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a chance in the sequence of the DNA

211
Q

Agriculture genetics

A

ANS 215

212
Q

Animal genetic improvement

A

ANS 440

213
Q

Careers in genetics

A

Swine breeding
Seed stock organization
Pedigree tracking

214
Q

Tags on DNA

A

Can turn genes on or off

215
Q

What can alter the epigenetic effect

A

Diet

Toxins

216
Q

Adult intact male cattle

A

Bull

217
Q

Castrated male cattle

A

Steer

218
Q

Adult female cattle

A

Cow

219
Q

Immature female cattle

A

Heifer

220
Q

Parturition term for cattle

A

Calving

221
Q

Gestation length for cattle

A

9.5 months

222
Q

Newborn animal for cattle

A

Calf

223
Q

Term of reference for cattle

A

Bovine

224
Q

Poll

A

Top of the head in between ears

225
Q

Muzzle

A

Area with nostrils and mouth

226
Q

Withers

A

Behind neck

Before back

227
Q

Elbow

A

Top of front leg

228
Q

Knee

A

Lower bending point on leg

229
Q

Heart girth

A

How big around

230
Q

Pin bone

A

Bone where tail falls

231
Q

Udder

A

Mammary gland

4 quarters

232
Q

Teat

A

Where milk comes out

233
Q

Hock

A

Where backleg bends

234
Q

Dew claw

A

Vistigil toe on back

235
Q

Hoof

A

Foot

236
Q

Switch

A

Hair on top of tail

237
Q

Holstein

A

Big black and white cows

238
Q

Jersey cow

A

Smaller

Less milk but rich

239
Q

Dairy cattle breeds are in the

A

bos Taurus genus

240
Q

The greatest number of dairy cows in NC are in

A

Piedmont and mountain regions

241
Q

WhT has impacted the dairy industry in NC

A

City expansion

242
Q

Pattern of the number of dairies in NC

A

Declined

243
Q

Total dairy farms in US

A

51 thousand

244
Q

Current events of dairy industry

A

Economic crisis
High fees costs low milk prices
Reduced demand
Cows sent to slaughter

245
Q

Top cattle producing stats

A

California

Wisconsin

246
Q

Cows don’t do well with

A

Heat stress

247
Q

Why do we not see cows in the south east?

A

Cost of production is too high

248
Q

Why is the cost of production lower in other regions?

A

Economies of size

High ambient temperature and humidity

249
Q

Importance of dairy products

A

LOTS OF PRODUCTS

250
Q

Leading countries in milk production

A

US
India
China

251
Q

Driving factor behind the demand of dairy products

A

Rising demand for cheese

252
Q

Cows lactate..

A

10 months per year

253
Q

Calf’s are fed

A

Colostrum milk so all of cows milk can be sent for profit

254
Q

Pasteurization

A

Heat milk to kill bacteria and make safe for human consumption

255
Q

Homogenization

A

Make milk fat droplets they stay in suspension and don’t separate

256
Q

Purpose of barns

A

Keep them from the elements

257
Q

TMR

A

Total mixed ration

258
Q

Freestyle barn

A

Individual Stalls they can go in and out of

259
Q

Important of keeping bedding clean and dry

A

Keep teat clean

260
Q

Nutrient requirements are influenced by

A

Stage of production

261
Q

More milk means

A

Higher nutrient requirements

262
Q

Cows in NC average how much milk per year

A

19,000 Lb

263
Q

Out of the Holstein and jersey

Which cow produces more pounds of milk

A

Holstein

264
Q

When do cows lose weight?

A

In early lactation

265
Q

Peak lactation

A

2 months in

266
Q

Highest milk production

A

Peak lactation

267
Q

Body condition scoring

A

The fat cover
Enough to use as energy reserves
1 skinny 5 too fat

268
Q

BCS 1

A

Tooooo skinny

Pin bones

269
Q

BCS 2

A

Shallow cavities

Some fatty tissues

270
Q

What happens to male calves

A

Will end up in feed lot

271
Q

Ideal body condition drying off period

A

3.5-4

272
Q

One month postpartum

A

2.5-3

273
Q

age of pubert

A

Varies from about 10 mo the of age to 22 months of age

274
Q

Bread at

A

14 in a half months

275
Q

What is puberty

A

Physically able to reproduce
Minimum age (10 months)
High enough weight

276
Q

When do dairy cows start paying back

A

Two years of age when she calves and begins producing milk

277
Q

What percent of mature size should cows be when they breed

A

60%

278
Q

If heifers are pushed too fast

A

They develop too many fat cells in their udders

Decreased lifetime milk production

279
Q

The goal for heifers is

A

To calve at 2 years

280
Q

What percent of dairy cows in US are bred through AI

A

85%

281
Q

Why is AI more common than natural service

A

Milk production has high heritability
Dairy cows are intensively managed
Dairy bulls are very dangerous

282
Q

Why are dairy boy so dangerous

A

No fear of humans because they’re seen as equal bc of soooo much contact
Get violent when they’re ready to breed

283
Q

Cows are bred After giving birth

A

Two months into lactation

284
Q

Main commodity of the dairy industry

A

Milk

285
Q

Cull cows and bull calves become

A

Meat products

286
Q

Lactation length for dairy cattle

A

Around 305 days

287
Q

Drying off cows

A

Lactation is terminates

288
Q

Dry cows

A

Mature non lactating cows

289
Q

Ways to flatten the curve

A

BST

290
Q

BST

A

Bovine somatotropin

291
Q

Purpose of BST

A

Extends milk production

292
Q

Why is BST an injection

A

It’s a protein hormone and will be digested along with the feed protein

293
Q

When do BST injections start

A

After peak lactation.

294
Q

If a dairy cow is losing body condition at breeding time

A

It sends her body a signal to not he. Pregnant

295
Q

Lactating cows have a high

A

Calcium requirement

296
Q

If a dairy cow isn’t getting enough calcium

A

She will pull it from her bones

297
Q

Dairy cows milk how many times a day

A

Twice or three times per day

298
Q

What records milk production is

A

Individualized computed records

299
Q

During lactation, the diet needs to be

A

High grain

300
Q

Why can’t you tell cows to weight

A

You can’t skip days

Their milk production will drop

301
Q

Appropriate level of antibiotics in milk

A

Zero tolerance

302
Q

Failure to check milking equipment

A

Can result in damage to the cow from over milking

303
Q

Improper pressure changes can lead to

A

Physical trauma to the teat and mammary gland from prolonged exposure

304
Q

DHIA

A

Dairy herd information association

305
Q

Purpose of DHIA

A

Producers have their production records analyzed to help them be better managers

306
Q

NC state takes part in what program

A

NC Dairy records management system

307
Q

How are heifer calves fed?

A

Individually in butcher with a milk replacer

308
Q

Why do we give calves solid feed as soon as possible

A

Milk replacer is expensive

309
Q

What can young calves not digest?

A

Plant protein

310
Q

What are young calves GI tracts set up to digest

A 
Milk protein (casein)
Oils and fats
311
Q

What enzyme do calves not have?

A

Sucrase

312
Q

Purpose of sucrase

A

Digested table sugar

313
Q

What can you not feed calves?

A

Carbs

314
Q

Pre starter feed

A

Very first sold feed the calf is fed

315
Q

Weaning

A

Coming off of milk replacer

316
Q

Ad libitum

A

As much as they will eat

317
Q

When are calves group fed?

A

After being weaned

318
Q

How long are dairy cows in the herd?

A

5 years

319
Q

If cows are grazing

A

They still need extra grain and nutrients

320
Q

Dairy cattle management

A

ANS 404

ANS (4 decks)

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