Exam 2

Question 1

What is functionalism?

Answer 1

Concerned with how the mind functions and how it is used by organisms to adapt to environment
Practical/real world
Against Wundt/Titchener
Asks what does mind do and how

Question 2

Evolution revolution

Answer 2

Suggestion that living things change with time
Darwin was not first with idea
Zeitgeist of the time:
Studying more biology
Bible left questions 
Exposure to human like animals
Discovered fossils

Question 3

Darwin

Answer 3

His book took decades to publish
Fundamental points:
Natural selection of traits best suited for environment 
Survival of the fittest
Variation

Question 4

Derwin’s influence on psychology

Answer 4

Focus on animal psychology
Function rather than structure of consciousness
Multidisciplinary
Individual differences

Question 5

Individual differences: Francis Galton

Answer 5

Mental inheritance and individual differences in human capacities
Spirit of evolution
Found that genius is inherited
Used statistical analyses
Proposed eugenics
Came up with mental tests of motor skills and sensory capacties

Question 6

Animal psychology and the development of functionalism

Answer 6

Focus on animal psychology
No sharp distinction exists between humans and animals
Increased interest in how animals function
May reveal knowledge of how humans function

Question 7

Herbert spencer

Answer 7

Social Darwinism: human character and social institution is evolutionary
Allow survival of the fittest to occur in humans
Matched American zeitgeist
Synthetic philosophy: knowledge and experience can be explained with evolutionary principles

Question 8

William James

Answer 8

Precursor to functional psychology
Published the principles of psychology 
Psychology is science of mental life
Rebelled against Wundt
Stream of consciousness: continually flowing process and any attempt to reduce it to elements will distort it
Pragmatism: anything is true if it works
Theory of emotions: arousal of physical response precedes appearance of emotion 
3 part self: material, social, spiritual
Habit: becomes easier over time

Question 9

Functional inequality of women

Answer 9

Variability hypothesis: men are more variable than women, women more average
Mary calkins: developed paired association technique
First woman president of APA
Helen Woolley: discredited variability hypothesis
Leta Hollingsworth: also discredited variability hypothesis

Question 10

Stanley hall

Answer 10

Many firsts
Evolutionary theory and mind
Recapitulation theory: children evolve like humans
Focused on children

Question 11

Founding of functionalism

Answer 11

Protest against Wundt and Titchener
No single form
Emphasis on mental function
John Dewey and James angell founded

Question 12

John Dewey

Answer 12

Practical orientation
Reflex arc: perception of stimulus with response
Structure and function can’t be meaningfully separated

Question 13

James angell

Answer 13

Goal of psychology: study how mind assists organism in adjusting to environment
Three themes:
1. Psychology of mental operations
2. Psychology of fundamental utilities of consciousness
3. Psychology of psychophysical relations (mind body)

Question 14

Robert Woodworth

Answer 14

Didn’t want to be restrained to a school of thought
Subject: consciousness/ behavior
Methods: observation and introspection
Dynamic psychology: concerned with influence of motivation on feelings and behavior

Question 15

Criticism of functionalism

Answer 15

Didn’t like not introspection
Practical concerns disliked
Is psychology pure or applied science?

Question 16

Contributions of functionalism

Answer 16

Research on animal behavior
Studied more types of people
Added data to introspection

Question 17

Toward a practical psychology

Answer 17

Wundt not suited for American zeitgeist
Functionalism is popular
Move toward applied psychology

Question 18

James cattell

Answer 18

Studied reaction time

Mental tests

Question 19

Psychological testing movement

Answer 19

Alfred Binet: developed first test of mental ability and mental age
Lewis terman: came up with IQ

Question 20

Lightner witmer

Answer 20

Started first psychology clinic
Interest in problem school children
Started clinical psych in college and a journal
Clinics for child evaluation with physicals and family components

Question 21

Walter Scott

Answer 21

Started IO
Advertising/ human suggestibility
Employee selection

Question 22

Lillian Gilbreth

Answer 22

Time and motion studies

Came up with organization of home

Question 23

Hugo munsterburg

Answer 23

Applied psych and forensic psych
Psychotherapy
Industrial psych
Could be argued as father of IO

Question 24

Toward a science of behavior

Answer 24

Watson proposed
Zeitgeist: objectivistic, mechanistic, and materialistic
Focused on what could be seen, heard, or touched

Question 25

Influence of animal psychology on behaviorism

Answer 25

Jacques loeb: tropism: animal behavior based on evolution

Association with stimulus

Question 26

Edward thorndike

Answer 26

Focused on overt behavior
Psychology must study behavior
Connectionism: based on connections between situations and responses 
Puzzle box
Trial and error learning

Question 27

Laws of learning

Answer 27

Law of effect: if behavior works, more likely to happen again
Law of exercise: more act is used makes it increase

Question 28

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 28

Function of nerves of heart
Primary digestive glands
Conditioned responses
Reinforcement

Question 29

How did Darwin change psychology?

Answer 29

No longer concerned with consciousness but function