Exam 2 Flashcards
What is this?
Sacrifice of Isaac
Artist: Brunelleschi
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Runner Up in the competition panel.
- The competition: artists had to do several things-must use the quatrefoil, you must do the Sacrifice of Isaac, gold leaf, cast bronze relief.
- Isaac is on the altar, Abraham is next to him (sword in hand), angel (told him to stop, messenger of God), they used a lamb instead.
What is this?
Sacrifice of Isaac
Artist: Ghiberti
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Won the competition panel.
- Ghiberti did the second set of doors (Life of Christ).
- The Pisano doors where moved to the south.
- The Ghiberti doors are now the main doors facing the cathedral.
- The doors are very similar to the old doors.Installed in 1420.
What is this?
The Four Crowned Martyrs
Artist: Nanni DiBanco
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Marble statues, contrapposto stance, story is of four sculptures in Ancient Roman days, Christians and refused to make a pagan idol, they were killed and martyred.
- Life size figures, in the round.
- Below the relief shows them in a studio making the idols.
- It was commissioned from the stone cutters and wood cutters guild.
What is this?
St. George
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
Artist: Donatello
- Traditional represented wearing armor.
- St. George slayed a dragon.
- The relief below St George is him riding his horse spearing a dragon.
- A grateful woman on his right because the dragon was going to eat her.
- Paid for by the sword-smith making guild.
- Sculpture in the round, close to the edge, acting like he could step down to protect the community.
- Contrapposto stance, good over evil.
What is this?
Feast of Herod
Artist: Donatello
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- He did more stone work, not cast bronzing, gold leaf. Donatello learned cast bronzing from Ghirberti. *1st time in relief that linear one point perspective is used, that he got from Brunelleschi.
- The daughter wanted Herod to dance at her bday party, Herod said only if u give me st. john on a platter. but in the panel Herod is pretending he does not know they did this in order to save face in the public.
What is Orsanmichele
Formerly a grain warehouse. Became a church around 1380. Between the cathedral and the town hall. Becomes a public works building. The guilds decorated the building and created reliefs and sculptures around the whole building.
What is this?
Gates of Paradise
Artist: Ghiberti
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495) East doors of San Giovanni Baptistry
3 doors, the last door created by Ghirberti
Ghirberti’s first doors where boring and looked like the Pisano doors, so they moved them to another side of the building and ordered the commission to Ghirberti to create another set of doors.
-Ghirberti’s 1st doors were moved to north doorway. 2nd doors are remarkably different. nicknamed “the gates of paradise”.
- 10 panels compared to 28, gold leaf is everywhere compared to the others (only raised pieces)
- subject matters are from the old testament. scenes dealing with creation and king solomon, and queen Sheeba.
- Self portrait: sticking out on both doors Ghirberti did. located in the framework, high relief. the turban headress was common to wear in the 15th century.
What is this?
Jacob and Esau panel from the Gates of Paradise
Artist: Ghiberti
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- 3rd panel on right down: most celebrated. 3 tons of bronze. gold leaf. subject: Isaac and jacob.
- Jacob is the sone of Isaac.
- Two sons: Jacob and Esau (1st born).
- Jacobs mother favored him more, and instigates Jacob getting just as much as Esau.
- Jacob gets blessed.
What is this?
David
Artist: Donatello
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- 1446-60, not record until 1469. Approx 5 ft tall. One casting. Not meant to a public statue.
- 1st 3D free standing cast bronze sculpture since the ancient romans and greeks.
- Commissioned by the Medici family.
- Religious figure: david (old testament). standing over the head of goliath. he is only wearing boots and a hat, fully nude. contrapposto stance, but exaggerated. He looks very feminine. david was a young boy when he slayed goliath, so to show him nude and w the exaggerated stance shows him young.
What is this?
David
Artist: Verrocchio
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- 1470, 2 castings. Head is another casting.
- commissioned for the medici family.
- stronger definition.
- no politics-no helmets.
- no sexual scene of david playing with the head-its in the front of him.
- shorter sword, looks on guard still, suggesting the muscle tone as well. .
What is linear perspective?
- foreshortening of objects
- Orthogonals to the picture plane converge on a single vanishing point
- The size of objects is proportionate to their distance from the observer.
What is this?
Equestrian monument of Erasmo Da Narni
Artist: Donatello
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Must look up, muscular horse, one leg raised.
- Darnari sits on top the horse in full military garb as if he is riding threw the streets.
- Looks almost exactly like the Marcus Aurelius equestrian sculpture.
What is this?
Mary Magdalen c. 1450
Artist: Donatello
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
Altarpiece in St. John Baptist Church
Florence, Italy
Carved from white poplar wood and painted.
-She is very boney, skinny, wearing rags, very expressive.
-She is usually painted very beautiful.
-Contrapposto pose
-It was in the St. Baptist flood, it took many years to dry out and then restore it.
-He painted veins in her legs, sprinkled with gold dust, the dress is actually her hair, she fasted for 30 years.
What is this?
dome of the Florence Cathedral c.1418-1420’s
Architect: Brunelleschi
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
Santa maria del Flora Cathedral, Florence, Italy
Created a dome for main cathedral, polygonal dome, not circular, double shell dome
300 ft tall, 138 ft in diameter
- Gothic style. A major dome has not been done since roman times, Brunelleschi kept how he was going to do it a secret.
- He created one of the most amazing feats of engineering. For the first time he built models of the dome, made special equipment to create the dome, and he needed to add the dome to an already made building.
- Both the Foundling Hospital and the dome was created during the same time.
- The largest masonry dome in the world.
- Lantern at top (1470s) Brunelleschi did not do.
- This is the cathedral across from the St. John the Baptistry with the special doors facing it.
- The building becomes a landmark.
- Only one side has an artificial arcade because Michaelangelo said it looked like a “cage of crickets.”
- Circular portholes are used for symbolic meanings.
What is this?
Foundling Hospital c.1421-24
Architect: Brunelleschi
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Brunelleschi becomes celebrated as a architect.
- This hospital takes cares of unwanted children and orphans.
- A civic hospital, taken care of by the community.
- The guilds of Florence, silk and goldsmiths guilds paid for the cost of the building.
- There is no gothic design, more of a greek or roman design.
- The loggia is made up of a series of round arches and Corinthian columns.
- The roof over hangs to create a shadow or a band across to make your eye look horizontal.
- Brunelleschi used grey stone for the architecture areas, walls are white.
- Pendentives are used along the inside of the porch.
- A secret spinning table was created so that mothers could leave their children without anyone seeing them; they could place the child on the table and spin the table so the child would spin to be inside the building.
- Relief sculptures, contrapposta, blue background, done in terra cotta of children along the front of the building indicating the building is for children.
What is this?
San Lorenzo
Brunelleschi
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Commissioned by the Medichi family, a family chapel.
- Flat roof, no stained glass windows, natural white light, looks a lot like the Fondling building
- The Medici family house of worship, commissioned Brunelleschi to rebuilt a church.
- Looking down the nave. Michaelangelo designed the tombs and library later on.
- Brunelleschi made a traditional romanesque church.
- Transept separates the public from the most sacred (alter).
- Dome in center of transept
- Pendentive (initially used in byzantine) which changes a square in a dome shape.
- Free standing Corinthian columns, entablatures, grey stone to make the architecture stand out.
- Flat ceiling, coffers on the ceilings (inset square panel usually decorated).
- White natural light, no stained glass-making it even brighter.
- Donatello, Medici family are buried in their tombs.
- He connected the look to St.Pauls outside the walls, Rome, Italy (Early Christian • Basilica)
What is a condottieri
military leaders (commanders) for hire
What is this?
Pallazo Rucellai family house c.1455-58
Architect: Alberti
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Same as Michaelangelo house, 3 stories
- uses doric columns at ground level, ionic on the middle, corinthian at the top. (just like the roman colosseum)
- entablature to separate the levels
What is a loggia?
large entrance porch, as long as the building runs.
What is a pediment?
top triangle
What is a pendentive?
used back in byzantine, architecture device that enables the square floor to be covered by a dome.
Explain corinthian columns
Very decorative columns, long and slim, swirls, flowers, and fluted columns.
What is this?
Palattzo Medici - Riccardi family house c.1446
Architect=Michaelozzo DiBartolomaeo
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Stone building
- 3 story house, 2 interior courtyards, flat roof, built on the widest street
- Donatello david statue is in the private courtyard.
- Corner of building - coat of arms, and inside the courtyards
- Public courtyard, round arches.
- Michaelangelo renovated the outside windows.
What is this?
Virgin and Child (1425-26)
Artist: Masaccio
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Looks a lot like Giotto’s painting “Virgin and Child”
- Very Byzantine looking (gold)
- Fully understood sculpture form
- Classical looking chair, Corinthian columns.
- Giving him grapes (reference to wine)
- Angels playing the lutes (guitars) have a light source.
- Use of beautiful cast shadows
- Halos, Christ is wearing his halo, others are normal looking.
What is this?
Trinity with the Virgin, St. John the Evangelists and Donors c. 1425-28
Artist: Masaccio
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495).
- Commissioned by the Lenzi family, who are buried in their own church.
- a Skeleton is placed upon a coffin (sercoficus), inscription says “I was once what you are, what am I you will be”
- Visual Illusionism-1st time using one point perspective right at the viewers eye level, VP is at the bottom of the cross.
- The arrangement of everyone creates a large triangle. (The Trinity)
- Mary & John
- The two donors
- Colors: women in black, men in rose.
- Columns are painted to match the rose to make it complete, painted coffers, Corinthian columns
What is this?
Interior of Brancacci Chapel
Artist: Masaccio
arly Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
What is this?
The Tribute Money
Artist: Masaccio
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- The vanishing-point across Christ’s head enables the artist to depict light and detail and bring it to a new realm.
- From there Jesus and Peter are pointing to the left where then Peter goes and picks the coins from the fish’s mouth.
- Lastly, the viewer observe the right hand side of the painting where Peter pays the tax collector.
What is this?
Expulsion
Artist: Masaccio
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Like the Tribute Money fresco, with a off-picture light source which causes shadows to be cast to the left.
- same direction that the actual light source in the chapel comes from
- respond to the physical surroundings of the painting.
- Eve, who covers herself in her shame resembles Venus
- Adam is quickly walking-in step
What is this?
Annunciation
Artist: Fra Angelico (Angelic Brother) (Brother=monk)
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
San Marco Monastery
- One of the first that paint like Masaccio
- Fresco, monastery, the fresco is at the top of staircase where all the monks go to retire at night.
- Mary is submissive accepting the news she is going to have Jesus. The room is meant to represent the rooms in the monastery, very quiet and calm.
- Gabriel and Mary are nicely separated by a column.
- One point perspective for the architecture. Figures not so much.
- Corinthian columns.
- Wings are decorated.
- Words at bottom: Dont forget your Hail Mary’s.
- Fra Angelico signed it.
What is this?
The Battle of San Romano c.1432
Artist: Uccello
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- (A battle between Sienna and Florence, Florence won)
- 1st of 3 panels (Shown white horse in middle advancing) 6x10 ft high
- Commissioned for another family, confiscated by the Medici and hung in the bedroom of Lorenzo Medici.
- Tempera paints, gold leaf, and silver leaf
NOTICE: No blood, broken lances used a orthogonals, one soldier on the left is in orthogonal. Uccello is obsessed with perspective and orthogonal.
No middle ground. Everything looks flat and toy like. People thought of battle like a game, so it could be thought that is why he made they toy like.
What is this?
Madonna and Child with Four Saints c.1445
St Lucy Altarpiece
Artist: Veneziano
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- One point perspective
- Trinity ( people are in triangles)
- Mary and Christ in middle. Baby is looking at St. John who is gesturing him.
- Two on right
- St. Lucy on the right holding a platter with her own eyes (Some guy told her she had beautiful eyes, so she took out her eyes and gave them to the guy. Virgin mary was so impressed, she grew her eyes back)
- Saint Zenobius with St. Lucy. He is a bishop regularly brought dead children back to life. Children would regularly get run over, he would come out and bring them back.
- Two saints on left
- St John the baptist (bridge figure=because he is pointing to Christ) Guy in red pointing the finger. But he is old and Jesus (baby) is a baby. And they are actually 6 months apart.
- St. Francis receives the wounds of Jesus on him.
- All people have gold halos.
What is this?
The Last Supper c.1447
Artist: Castagno
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Convent located in Florence, Italy
- Judas is in the front, isolated from every one else.
- Jesus is the one behind him.
- St. John the Evangelist = closest emotional to Christ
What is this?
Fresco ceiling in Mantua, Italy
Artist: Mantegna
Camera Picta (Painted Room) at the Ducal Palace
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Nuptials room
- ceiling- (2nd picture) the angels are watching, circular design, foreshortened perspective. illusionist oculist.
- putto-cherub, chubby babies with wings
- trompe l` oeil=fool the eye, so real your not sure if its painted or real. 1st time used.
- resembles the pantheon with the open dome.
What is this?
Battle of the Nudes
c. 1465-70
Metal Plate engraving=ink on paper
Artist: Pollaiuolo
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- 1st artist to make a metal plate engraving.
- 1st time print making was invented.
- This is after the printing press was invented.
- 1st time we see paper. We did not see this before because there was no printing press or paper.
- Figures are in stop action controppasto
What is this?
The Birth of Venus
Artist: Botticelli
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- commissioned by the Medici family
- First time we have a painting that deals with mythology
- Canvas - not on wood panel, unique since not many used it. Usually canvas was made for temporary work.
- Venus-Goddess of love and beauty (Greece=Aphrodite) becomes Venus in Rome.
- Venus was being blown a shore than being clothed by Flora (flowers)
- Romans are very Christian, so the winds are more like Angels.
- Right-Flora, trying to cloth her is like St. John the Baptist,
- Venus is more like Jesus, as she is being baptist in the water.
What is this?
Delivery of the Keys to Saint Peter
Artist: Perugino
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Fresco painting located in the Sistine Chapel commissioned by Pope Sixtus IV
- Same space as the Michel Angelo paints on the ceiling
- one point perspective and atmospheric perspective
- vanishing point is at the door of the dome building
- Central Plan building is the main ideal building-the church
- Jesus in center handing the key to St. Peter
- Perugino purposely cuts off people so you think there are many of people that keep going on.
- The smaller events happening in the middle are scenes from the mocking of Jesus when he said he was the King.
What is this?
Sant’ Andrea Church
Architect: Alberti
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- He wanted the width and height to be the same.
- The nave ceiling was higher so he created this fake thing on top of the pediment, but it looks stupid.
- Looks a lot like Roman architecture
- Coffers painted (trumpe l’oeio) on the celiling, barrel valuted ceiling
What is this?
Tribute Money Scene
Artist: Masscio
Mantegna Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- Florence first started income tax. Jesus felt he shouldn’t pay taxes to man. God maybe, but not man. Mentioned in the gospel of St. Matthew.
- St. Peter - The gatekeeper of heaven. He was the first pope. Jesus gave him the keys to heaven. He is also a fisherman (Tilapia)
- 3 sections of St. Peter doing something 3=Trinity (like a storyboard):
- Main subject in the center - A tax collector came to Jesus and apostles, Jesus tells Peter to go the pond to fish. They are pointing to the left.
- Left section: Peter is fishing, he is opening the fishes mouth and their are coins inside the mouth. Tax collector is contrapposto stance.
- Far right: Peter paying the tax collector
What is this?
Adam & Eve Expulsion
Artist: Masscio
Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1495)
- The chapels 1st picture starts with Adam and Eve ashamed banished from paradise walking into the chapel.
- Eve is posed like Venus
- Adam has a spring in his foot heading towards the chapel
What is this?
Merode Altarpiece
Triptych
Oil on wood panel
Early Flemish Renaissance: 1400-1500
Artist: Might be Robert Campin or master of Flemalle Flemalle = Anonymous)
- Looks like the Annunciation, like she is reading the bible, she cannot hold the book.
- 15th century house interior
- Flemish artists love to put symbolism in their paintings
- Vase white lilles=pure
- Mary is not aware of Gabriel in the room, confused because the candle is blown out, pages in book are ruffled
- candle out=god is in the room
- two books=old testament on table, mary is reading the new testament (Though Jesus wasnt born yet)
- towel on rack=cleanliness n purity
- towel = looks a jewish pray shaw
- highly polished brass kettle=mary’s womb is referred to as the ‘vessel most pure’
- right eye always exposed
- over Gabriel= the holy spirit, as a super baby with a cross, the line goes right to her ear.
- Perspective is way off on the table.
- Features the donors as observing witnesses, as people in the 15th century its impossible they could have seen this happen.
- Believed to have a self portrait of the artist in the corner
- rose bush=Mary was refereed to The Rose without Thorns
- Joseph wearing a turban in his workshop working with wood working tools making mouse traps
- St. Augustine said ‘Christ was put on the earth to be the devils mouse trap’
- Joseph is drilling holes into a wine press=the blood of Christ
What is this?
The Annunciation
Artist: Jan van Eyck
Early Flemish Renaissance: 1400-1500
- Looks like it could be part of a diptych or triptych by the perspective and where the how the subjects are facing
- 13in wide x 35 in height
- Looks church like-but not normal cuz churches weren’t started until after Christ was dead.
- Mary reading the bible
- Gabriel wearing a amazing brocade cape-textiles are a big deal. Has colorful wings again.
- Rays of Sun going towards her ear stating she was already told-she looks happy=hands up
- Landscape outside the bubbled windows-three=trinity
- Floor has amazing subjects painted on them
What is this?
Ghent Altarpiece c.1432 (15ft by 11ft)
Artist: Jan and Herbert Van Eyck
Early Flemish Renaissance: 1400-1500
Polyptych
- They think Jan did the painting-Herbert did the framing.
- Middle Panels
- Gabriel (left)
- Mary (right reading)
- Left and Right are the donors
- Middle (left) St. John the Baptist
- Middle (right) St. the Evangelist
- once opened more paintings
- Top=God the father
- Right of God=St. John the Evangelist
- Left of God=Mary
- Bottom Middle=Lamb bleeding from chest. Using atmospheric perspective.
- Crowds on the left and right
- Naked people=Top left/Top right= they are including so it reinforces the sin and redemption. Eve has a blotted stomach, which was in then.
What is this?
Double (wedding) portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini (successful merchant) and his wife c. 1434
Artist: Jan van Eyck
Early Flemish Renaissance: 1400-1500
- van Eyck signed the painting (middle in latin) name (Jan van Eyck was here) and year
- This is their wedding ceremony looks like its in the bedroom (nuptial chamber)
- Missing the priest and church (you did not need to get married in a church, you just needed a witness.) Certifying he was there by signing it
- Showing he has money-there clothes
- his-sable fur
- her-ermon fur
- mirror=very expensive to have, not many had them
- The mirror shows the entire room and doorway, so vivid reflection.
- Only inches big.
- small circles represent various events from jesus’ life
- they do not have shoes on = God has entered the room
- bloated stomach and high forehead= means she was a catch
- dog=traditional symbol of marital fidelity (the dog is faithful to its master. Fido word comes out of fidelity)
- fruit-oranges= do not grow in Flanders, they are imported, more expensive
- Compositionally (groom towards the window-he is the outside world, bride by the bed - she is only meant to have children)
- The chandelier has only one candle, the marriage candle. brass = purity
- Cystal beads my the mirror=purity
- Bed post has a whisk broom=cleanliness=body
- St. Margret in hands clasped in prayer over the bed=patron saint of childbirth
What is this?
Man in the red Turban c.1433
Believed to be Jan van Eyck
Artist: Jan van Eyck
Early Flemish Renaissance: 1400-1500
- Latin wording “As best as I was capable of doing”
- 10x7 inches
- He needed a mirror (very expensive)
- Turban headdress has so many folds
- Background is Dark monochrome forcing you to look at just him.
- Became popular during the Arts and Crafts Movement
- Arts and Crafts Movement = physically made, not machine made-during the industrial revolution.
- Gustav Stickley ran the whole Arts and Crafts.
