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Mechanism of Disease > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What stabilizes the alveoli?

A

liquid surface tension

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2
Q

Tidal Volume

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled on a normal breath

Dead Space Ventilation + Alveolar Ventilation

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3
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

portion that contributes to gas exchange

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4
Q

Types of Dead space

A

physiologic, anatomical, alveolar, aparatus

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5
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

volume of gas remaining in the lungs after normal expiration

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6
Q

Causes for dec. FRC

A

atelactasis, inc. thoracic/abdominal blood volume, loss of diaphragm tone

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7
Q

Hypoxia

A

abnormally low partial pressure of O2 in tissue

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8
Q

Hypoxemia

A

abnormally low partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood

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9
Q

Types of Hypoxia

A

Hypoxic, anemic, circulatory, histotoxic

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10
Q

Hypoxia: Ventilation and Perfusion (V/Q) Mismatch - Types

A

Blood w/o Air (low V/Q)

Air w/o Blood (high V/Q)

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11
Q

Low V/Q: Causes

A

pulmonary edema, pneumonia, atelectasis

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12
Q

High V/Q: Causes

A

pulmonary thromboembolism

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13
Q

Hypoxia: Anatomical Shunt

A

Abnormal Vascular connection between oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood

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14
Q

How does Left-to-Right shunts become Right-to-Left shunts?

A

Pressure builds in the right ventricle/pulmonary artery until it is greater than the left ventricle/aorta

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15
Q

Hypoxia: Diffusion Impairment

A

thickening of tissue, dec. area

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16
Q

Hypoxia: Low Partial Pressure of inspired O2 - Causes

A

high altitude, interrupted anesthesia machine

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17
Q

Brachycephalic Syndrome

A

stenotic nares, enlarged tonsils, elongated soft palate

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18
Q

Brachycephalic Syndrome: Results

A

high resistance to breathing, respiratory muscle fatigue form hyperventilation, hypoxia, respiratory arrest

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19
Q

Equine Post-op obstruction

A

nasal edema => obstruction in horses anesthetized form > 1-2hrs

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20
Q

Laryngeal Paralysis

A

denervation of recurrent laryngeal nerve

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21
Q

Laryngeal Paralysis: Results

A

inc. upper airway resistance, inc. inspiratory effort, dyspnea, syncope, hypoxia

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22
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

dec. radius = inc. resistance

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23
Q

Reynold’s Law

A

inc. turbulance = inc. difficulty of flow (breathing)

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24
Q

Atelectasis

A

airlessness of lung => alveolar collapse

25
Q

Mechanisms keeping the lungs expanded

A

transpulmonary pressure, tethering of surrounding structures, surfactant, gaseous N skeleton

26
Q

Atlelectasis: Causes

A

compression, airway obstruction, inadequate expansion, fluid accumulation, trauma

27
Q

Pleural Space Dz: Examples

A

Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia, neoplasm

28
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

accumulation of extravascular fluid within parenchyma or alveoli

29
Q

Pruritis: Triggers

A

allergens, bacteria, yeast, irritants, psyche, temperature, humidity, hormones

30
Q

Pruritis: Types

A

Skin Dz, Systemic Dz, Neuropathic Dz, Psychogenic Dz

31
Q

Causes of Pruritis in Dogs: Allergies

A

Fleas, Atopic dermatitis, food, insect bites

32
Q

Causes of Pruritis in Dogs: Ectoparasites

A

sarcoptes, deomodex, cheyletiella, lice, chiggers

33
Q

Causes of Pruritis in Dogs: Infections

A

pyoderma, yeast, dermatophytes

34
Q

Feline Skin Lesions: Types

A

Bilaterally symetric, miliary dermatitis, eosinophilic granuloma

35
Q

Causes of Pruritis in Cats: Allergy

A

flea, atopy, food

36
Q

Causes of Pruritis in Cats: Ectoparasites

A

notoedres, demodex, cheyletiella, ear mites, fur mites

37
Q

Causes of Pruritis in Cats: Infections

A

pyoderma, yeast, dermatophytes

38
Q

Phases of the hair cycle

A

anagen -> catagen -> telogen

39
Q

Hair types

A

Primary - coarse, stiff
Secondary/down - finer, grows superficially
Sinus - whiskers
Tylotrich - rapid adapting mechanoreceptors

40
Q

Post clipping alopeica

A

failure to regrow hair after shaving (>6mo)

41
Q

What is diagnosed with a trichogram?

A

Endocrine disorder (all telogen), pruritis (cut hairs), mites, melanin

42
Q

DDX for non-pruritic alopecia: Inflammatory

A

folliculitis, injection rxn, infection

43
Q

DDx for non-pruritic alopeica: Non-Inflammatory

A

endocrine, alopecia X, folicular dysplasias

44
Q

Phases of Wound Healing

A

Inflammation, proliferation, maturation

45
Q

Inflammatory Phase: Major Players

A

Platelets, neutorphils, monocytes

46
Q

Proliferative Phase: Major Players

A

Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

47
Q

Inflammatory phase: Function

A

Clotting and debridement

48
Q

Proliferative Phase: Function

A

angeogenesis, collagen formation, epithelialization

49
Q

Maturation Phase: Funciton

A

remodeling and strengthening

50
Q

Wound Management: Types

A

Primary wound closure (1st intention), Delayed primary closure, 2nd Intention, Secondary Closure

51
Q

Primary Wound Closure

A

appositional wound healing

52
Q

When is Primary wound closure used?

A

surgical and clean wounds with no tension

53
Q

Delayed Primary Closure

A

appostional closure before granulation tissue forms, but not the same day as injury

54
Q

When is Delayed primary closure used?

A

mildly contaminated wounds

55
Q

2nd Intention Healing

A

epithelializational closing (left to heal on their own)

56
Q

When is 2nd intention healing used?

A

highly contaminated

57
Q

Secondary Closure

A

appositional closure after granulation tissue forms

58
Q

GI Healing: Factors

A

Good blood supply, accurate apposition, minimal surgical trauma

59
Q

Relative Healing times

A

Bladder > Stomach > SI > LI > Skin

Mechanism of Disease (3 decks)

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