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Etica > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethics?

A

The discipline that deals with what is good and bad, along with moral duty and obligation.

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2
Q

What does the Greek word ‘ethos’ mean?

A

It means custom or character, which is the root of ‘ethics.’

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3
Q

What does the Latin word ‘mos’ or ‘mores’ mean?

A

It refers to manners, customs, or way of acting, which is the root of ‘morality.’

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4
Q

How is ethics different from moral theology?

A

Ethics is based on reason, while moral theology often includes religious beliefs.

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5
Q

Who said, ‘The unexamined life is not worth living’?

A

Socrates.

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6
Q

What is instrumental reasoning?

A

Reasoning that evaluates actions based on how well they achieve a purpose.

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7
Q

What is moral reasoning?

A

Judging actions based on their potential to humanize or dehumanize.

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8
Q

What are some categories used in moral assessment?

A

Good vs. Evil, Rights vs. Duties, Responsibility vs. Irresponsibility.

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9
Q

Why is freedom essential in ethics?

A

Freedom allows individuals to make choices that align with ethical principles.

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10
Q

What is the ‘first principle of practical reason’ in ethics?

A

To seek and do good while avoiding evil.

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11
Q

Define ‘natural law’ in ethics.

A

Laws based on the inherent dignity of human beings, unchanging across time.

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12
Q

What is positive law?

A

Laws based on human choice and freedom, adaptable to circumstances.

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13
Q

What is the phenomenology of freedom?

A

The experience of being the origin and owner of one’s actions.

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14
Q

What are human acts versus acts of man?

A

Human acts are performed freely with knowledge, while acts of man are unconscious or involuntary.

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15
Q

What are the constituent elements of human acts?

A

Knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness.

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16
Q

What is the role of virtue in ethical actions?

A

Virtues are good habits that dispose one to act ethically.

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17
Q

Define prudence as a cardinal virtue.

A

Prudence is practical wisdom, guiding one to choose the right action in any situation.

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18
Q

Define justice as a cardinal virtue.

A

Justice is the virtue of giving each person what is due to them.

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19
Q

Define fortitude as a cardinal virtue.

A

Fortitude provides courage to endure difficulties for moral good.

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20
Q

Define temperance as a cardinal virtue.

A

Temperance moderates the attraction to pleasures and balances desires.

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21
Q

What is the object of a human action?

A

The good or purpose to which the will directs itself.

22
Q

What is the intention behind an action?

A

The primary reason or end that motivates the action.

23
Q

What are circumstances in ethics?

A

Contextual factors that modify the ethical value of an action.

24
Q

What does ‘the end does not justify the means’ mean in ethics?

A

A good intention cannot make an unethical action acceptable.

25
Q

What is the principle of double effect?

A

An action with both good and bad effects may be acceptable if certain conditions are met.

26
Q

What are the conditions for the principle of double effect?

A

The act must be good, the intent must be good, the bad effect is not intended, and there is proportionality.

27
Q

What is the principle of the lesser evil?

A

Choosing the option with less harm when faced with two negative choices.

28
Q

What is formal cooperation with evil?

A

Deliberate and intentional participation in an unethical act.

29
Q

What is material cooperation with evil?

A

Passive tolerance or indirect involvement in an unethical act.

30
Q

Define ‘conscience’ in ethics.

A

The inner sense of moral judgment that guides actions according to universal moral law.

31
Q

What is moral obligation in terms of conscience?

A

The duty to follow one’s informed conscience and correct known errors.

32
Q

What role does ethical education play?

A

It helps form virtuous habits, guiding individuals to act morally.

33
Q

What is voluntary in causa?

A

Actions with foreseeable effects taken willingly though indirectly.

34
Q

What are the three elements needed for a morally good action?

A

Object, intention, and circumstances.

35
Q

What does ‘agere sequitur esse’ mean?

A

‘Action follows being’; actions should align with one’s true nature.

36
Q

What is the importance of knowledge in ethical action?

A

It allows individuals to act in ways that promote human dignity.

37
Q

How do emotions affect ethical decisions?

A

Emotions alone are not a reliable guide for ethics; reason must play a central role.

38
Q

What is the will’s role in ethics?

A

The will pursues the good presented by reason, enabling ethical choice.

39
Q

What is character development in ethics?

A

Forming stable habits through repeated actions that reflect virtue or vice.

40
Q

How does reason interact with freedom in ethical decisions?

A

Reason informs freedom to make ethical choices that enhance human dignity.

41
Q

Define the ethical value of an action.

A

It is determined by the alignment of the action’s object, intention, and circumstances with moral good.

42
Q

What is the acting person in ethical terms?

A

The individual who freely, knowingly, and willingly performs an action.

43
Q

How is goodness defined in ethics?

A

That which perfects the human being either partially or absolutely.

44
Q

What is ‘virtue’ in ethics?

A

A stable habit that disposes one to act ethically and morally.

45
Q

Define ‘moral evil’.

A

The absence of a moral good, often due to a misuse of freedom.

46
Q

What is ‘freedom for’ in ethics?

A

Freedom oriented towards moral development and ethical decision-making.

47
Q

What is the significance of human dignity in ethics?

A

Human dignity is the basis for natural law and the guide for ethical actions.

48
Q

What is ‘natural evil’?

A

A harm resulting from natural causes without human intention.

49
Q

Define ‘moral theology’.

A

A branch of theology dealing with ethical principles based on divine beliefs.

50
Q

What is ‘subjectivism’ in ethics?

A

The view that ethical judgments are based on individual feelings rather than universal truths.

Etica (3 decks)

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