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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Flexor Retinaculum provides origin point for

A

thenar and hypothenar musculature

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2
Q

thenar

A

base of thumb

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3
Q

hypothenar

A

base of pinky

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4
Q

_____ tendons to middle and ring fingers lie _____ to the flexor retinaculum along with the ______ nerve

A

flexor digitorum superficialis, deep, median

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5
Q

extrinsic digital flexor tendons are surrounded by _______ in the ______ tunnel

A

synovial tendon sheaths, carpal

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6
Q

Radial bursa

A

sheath surrounds flexor pollicis longus

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7
Q

Ulnar Bursa

A

sheath surrounds flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus

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8
Q

Digital Bursa

A

sheath surrounds the phalanges

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9
Q

_______ of _____ or ____ bursa may lead to median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel

A

Tenosynovitis, radial, ulnar

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10
Q

tenosynovitis

A

infection of tendons due to closed space with limited blood supply, results in abcesses with pain and tendon necrosis

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11
Q

Pyogenic

A

pus producing (tenosynovitis)

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12
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome effects the ______ muscles

A

thenar

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13
Q

carpal tunnel symptoms

A

wrist pain exaggerated by prolonged flexion/extension (ex. during sleep), parasthesias in digits 1-3, grip weakness: can’t pinch or hold cyndrical objects, loss of fine motor abilities

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14
Q

positive bottle sign associated with carpal tunnel

A

add picture here

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15
Q

the pollex only has _____ phalanges and ____ IP joint

A

2, 1

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16
Q

The pollex’s CMC joint is unique because _________

A

oriented at right angles to the other CMC joints

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17
Q

CMC joints are ____ joints

A

plane synovial

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18
Q

2nd and 3rd CMC joints are very _____

A

stable

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19
Q

4th and 5th CMC joints are very ____

A

mobile

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20
Q

CMC joint of the pollex is a ______ joint and facilitates _____

A

saddle, opposition

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21
Q

_____ and ______ arteries supply the hand

A

radial and ulnar

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22
Q

_______ palmar arch is continuation of ulnar artery

A

superficial

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23
Q

_____ palmar arch is continuation of radial artery

A

deep

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24
Q

Modified Allen’s Test is performed by

A

occlude blood flow by compressing arteries until palm turns pale white, then release one of the arteries and check for blood flow; repeat the process for the other artery

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25
Q

________ is the reason we don’t use the thumb to take pulses

A

princeps pollicis artery

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26
Q

ulnar nerve is vulnerable to lesion due to

A

trauma/laceration, hamate fracture, pisiform or ulnar head dislocation, arthritis at the wrist, and most commonly repetitive motion

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27
Q

Air Hammer/ Handle bar neuropathy

A

vulnerable position of ulnar n. when there is loading of the extended wrist

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28
Q

_____ and _____ make up the roof of Guyon’s Canal

A

palmaris brevis, palmar carpal ligament (distal antebrachial fascia)

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29
Q

_____ and _____ make up the floor of Guyon’s Canal

A

transverse carpal ligament, flexor retinaculum

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30
Q

_____ makes up the medial wall of the Guyon’s Canal

A

pisiform

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31
Q

_____ makes up the lateral wall of the Guyon’s Canal

A

hook of hamate

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32
Q

In _____ Canal, the ulnar nerve divides into _______ and _____ branches

A

Guyon’s, superficial, deep

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33
Q

the _____ branch of the ulnar nerve has entirely ______ distribution, except for the _____ muscle

A

superficial, cutaneous, palmaris brevis

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34
Q

the ______ branch of the ulnar nerve distributes to ______ hand muscles and ____ and _____ joints

A

deep, intrinsic, carpal, phalangeal

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35
Q

Dupuytern’s contracture

A

pathological thickening of the palmar aponeurosis, usually occurs in older people

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36
Q

Dupuytern’s Contracture presents with

A

4th and 5th flexion deformities (more mobile = more susceptible to issues)

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37
Q

5 Compartments of the hand include

A

central, thenar, hypothenar, adductor, and interosseous

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38
Q

central hand compartment

A

long digital flexor tendons, lumbricals, superficial palmar arch, median and ulnar n. digital branches

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39
Q

Thenar compartment of the hand

A

base of thumb, opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis (OAF)

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40
Q

hypothenar compartment of the hand

A

base of digit minimi, opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis (OAF)

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41
Q

Adductor compartment of the hand

A

Adductor Pollicis

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42
Q

Interosseous compartment of the hand

A

metacarpals and interossei muscles

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43
Q

thenar compartment muscles are innervated by the ______

A

recurrent branch of the median n. (mostly C8 & lil bit of T1)

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44
Q

MILLION $$ NERVE

A

recurrent motor branch of the median n.

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45
Q

Q: What muscles are found in the hypothenar compartment?

A

A: Opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi.

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46
Q

Q: Which nerve innervates the hypothenar muscles?

A

A: The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, mostly T1).

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47
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)?

A

A: Flexion at the PIP joints.

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48
Q

Q: Where does the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) insert?

A

A: Distal phalanges.

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49
Q

Q: Which muscles are located in the central compartment of the hand?

A

A: Extrinsic digital flexor tendons, lumbricals, and digital neurovasculature.

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50
Q

Q: Do the lumbricals have direct attachment to bone?

A

A: No.

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51
Q

Q: From where do the lumbricals originate?

A

A: Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP).

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52
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the lumbricals?

A

A: Half median (1&2) and half ulnar (3&4).

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53
Q

Q: What is the function of the lumbricals?

A

A: Flex MCP joints and extend IP joints.

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54
Q

Q: What forms the osseofibrous tunnel in the fingers?

A

A: The fibrous flexor sheath attached to bone.

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55
Q

Q: What is Champer’s Chiasm?

A

A: The splitting of the FDS tendon to allow the FDP tendon to insert on the distal phalanx.

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56
Q

Q: What structure reinforces the fibrous flexor sheath?

A

A: Annular ligaments or A pulleys and cruciform ligaments or C pulleys.

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57
Q

Q: What is the function of the synovial tendon sheath?

A

A: It produces lubricating fluid to allow smooth tendon movement.

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58
Q

Q: What causes “trigger finger”?

A

A: Adhesions from synovial sheath inflammation or infection.

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59
Q

Q: Where do the interosseous muscles arise from?

A

A: Adjacent metacarpals.

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60
Q

Q: What is the function of the dorsal interossei muscles?

A

A: Abduction of the fingers (DAB).

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61
Q

Q: What is the function of the palmar interossei muscles?

A

A: Adduction of the fingers (PAD).

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62
Q

Q: Which nerve innervates the interosseous muscles?

A

A: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

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63
Q

Q: What is the last muscle innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

A: Adductor pollicis.

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64
Q

Q: How is the adductor pollicis tested?

A

A: Froment’s test.

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65
Q

Q: What does the extensor digitorum (ED) do?

A

A: Extends the MCP joints of digits 2-5.

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66
Q

Q: Where does the central slip of the extensor expansion attach?

A

A: Middle phalanx.

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67
Q

Q: What is the role of the lumbricals and interossei in extension?

A

A: They extend the PIP and DIP joints after the extensor digitorum extends the MCP joints.

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68
Q

Q: What is “mallet finger”?

A

A: A condition resulting from DIP hyperflexion.

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69
Q

Q: What limits hyperextension in the digital joints?

A

A: The volar plate.

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70
Q

Q: What causes “claw hand”?

A

A: Lower trunk lesion or damage to the ulnar nerve.

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71
Q

Q: What muscles are affected in “ape hand”?

A

A: Thenar muscles.

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72
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the thenar muscles?

A

A: Median nerve (C8, T1).

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73
Q

Q: Which muscles are included in the thenar compartment?

A

A: Opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis (superficial head).

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74
Q

Q: Which muscles are included in the hypothenar compartment?

A

A: Opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi.

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75
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the adductor pollicis?

A

A: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

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76
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)?

A

A: Flexion at the PIP joints.

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77
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)?

A

A: Flexion at the DIP joints.

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78
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)?

A

A: Anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve (C8) and the ulnar nerve (T1).

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79
Q

Q: Which muscle is the prime mover for MCP extension of digits 2-5?

A

A: Extensor digitorum (ED).

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80
Q

Q: What structure attaches to the distal edge of the DIP volar plate?

A

A: The fibrous flexor sheath.

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81
Q

Q: What are the lumbricals’ roles in digit movement?

A

A: Flex MCP joints and extend IP joints.

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82
Q

Q: Where do the palmar interossei muscles insert?

A

A: Base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the specific digit.

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83
Q

Q: What is the primary innervation of the intrinsic hand muscles?

A

A: Ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

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84
Q

Q: What is the function of the dorsal interossei muscles?

A

A: Abduction of the fingers.

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85
Q

Q: What is the function of the palmar interossei muscles?

A

A: Adduction of the fingers.

86
Q

Q: What are the roles of the lumbricals and interossei after the extensor digitorum extends the MCP joints?

A

A: They extend the PIP and DIP joints.

87
Q

Q: What structure limits hyperextension in the digital joints?

A

A: The volar plate.

88
Q

Q: What condition is characterized by consistent flexing of the IPs due to loss of interossei and lumbrical muscles?

A

A: Klumpke’s palsy.

89
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the thenar muscles?

A

A: Median nerve (C8, T1).

90
Q

Q: What is the function of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)?

A

A: Flexion at the PIP joints.

91
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the hypothenar muscles?

A

A: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, mostly T1).

92
Q

Q: What muscles are included in the central compartment of the hand?

A

A: Extrinsic digital flexor tendons, lumbricals, and digital neurovasculature.

93
Q

Q: Where do the lumbricals insert?

A

A: On the extensor expansion distal to the MCP joint.

94
Q

Q: What forms Champer’s Chiasm?

A

A: The splitting of the FDS tendon.

95
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the adductor pollicis?

A

A: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

96
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the extensor digitorum (ED)?

A

A: Extension of the MCP joints of digits 2-5.

97
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the lumbricals?

A

A: Half median (1&2) and half ulnar (3&4).

98
Q

Q: What is the function of the synovial tendon sheath?

A

A: To allow smooth movement of the tendons.

99
Q

Q: What causes “trigger finger”?

A

A: Inflammation or infection of the synovial sheath.

100
Q

Q: Where do the interosseous muscles arise from?

A

A: Adjacent metacarpals.

101
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the lumbricals?

A

A: Flex MCP joints and extend IP joints.

102
Q

Q: What muscle is tested using Froment’s test?

A

A: Adductor pollicis.

103
Q

Q: What is the function of the extensor digitorum (ED)?

A

A: Extension of the MCP joints of digits 2-5.

104
Q

Q: What is the role of the lumbricals and interossei in digit movement?

A

A: They extend the PIP and DIP joints after the extensor digitorum extends the MCP joints.

105
Q

Q: What is the innervation of the hypothenar muscles?

A

A: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, mostly T1).

106
Q

Q: What muscles are included in the hypothenar compartment?

A

A: Opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi.

107
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)?

A

A: Flexion at the PIP joints.

108
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)?

A

A: Flexion at the DIP joints.

109
Q

Q: What muscles are included in the central compartment of the hand?

A

A: Extrinsic digital flexor tendons, lumbricals, and digital neurovasculature.

110
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the lumbricals?

A

A: Flex MCP joints and extend IP joints.

111
Q

Q: Which nerve innervates the opponens pollicis?

A

A: Recurrent branch of the median nerve

112
Q

Q: What is the origin of the opponens pollicis muscle?

A

A: Trapezium and flexor retinaculum

113
Q

Q: Where does the abductor pollicis brevis insert?

A

A: Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

114
Q

Q: What joint does the flexor pollicis brevis act upon?

A

A: Metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb

115
Q

Q: True or False: The flexor pollicis brevis aids in opposition and adduction.

A

A: True

116
Q

Q: The opponens digiti minimi muscle is responsible for what action?

A

A: Opposition of the little finger to the thumb

117
Q

Q: Which nerve innervates the abductor digiti minimi?

A

A: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve

118
Q

Q: True or False: The flexor digiti minimi brevis originates from the pisiform.

A

A: False (It originates from the flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate)

119
Q

Q: The central compartment contains long digital flexor tendons from which muscles?

A

A: Flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus

119
Q

Q: What structure is described as a “lubricating, fibro-osseous tunnel” in the central compartment?

A

A: Sheath surrounding the tendon

120
Q

Q: Which muscles are innervated by both the median and ulnar nerves in the central compartment?

A

A: Lumbricals (1&2 by median nerve, 3&4 by ulnar nerve)

120
Q

Q: What action is performed by the dorsal interosseous muscles?

A

A: Abduction of the digits away from the middle finger

121
Q

Q: True or False: The palmar interosseous muscles are responsible for abduction.

A

A: False (They are responsible for adduction toward the middle finger)

122
Q

Q: What is the result of tenosynovitis in the radial or ulnar bursae?

A

A: Median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel

123
Q

Q: True or False: The radial bursa surrounds the flexor pollicis longus.

A

A: True

123
Q

Q: Which muscle in the adductor compartment is tested by Froment’s test?

A

A: Adductor pollicis

124
Q

Q: Which artery forms the deep palmar arch?

A

A: Ulnar artery

125
Q

Q: What test is used to assess blood flow in the hand by observing the return of blood when pressure is released?

A

A: Modified Allen’s test

126
Q

Q: The flexor retinaculum creates parts of which two structures?

A

A: Carpal tunnel and Guyon’s canal

127
Q

Q: True or False: The ulnar nerve and artery pass through the carpal tunnel.

A

A: False (They pass through Guyon’s canal)

128
Q

Q: What is the anatomical snuff box and why is it clinically significant?

A

A: Area between the extensor pollicis longus and brevis tendons, clinically significant for scaphoid bone fractures

129
Q

Q: Pathological thickening of which structure results in Dupuytren’s contracture?

A

A: Palmar aponeurosis

130
Q

Q: Which finger deformity is caused by an injury to the extensor tendon at the DIP joint?

A

A: Mallet finger

131
Q

Q: True or False: The pulley system in fingers reinforces the tendons in order to keep them on track.

A

A: True

132
Q

Q: What pathology involves numbness and tingling due to loading of an extended wrist?

A

A: Air Hammer/Handle Bar Neuropathy

133
Q

Q: Carpal tunnel syndrome affects which digits primarily?

A

A: Digits 1-3

134
Q

Q: What is the primary cause of Dequervain’s tenosynovitis?

A

A: Inflammation of the tendon sheath surrounding the wrist

135
Q

Q: Which muscle’s atrophy is characteristic of Klumpke’s palsy?

A

A: Thenar muscles

136
Q

Q: True or False: Trigger finger is caused by inflammation of the tendon.

A

A: True

137
Q

Q: FOOSH injuries can result in which bone’s avascular necrosis?

A

A: Scaphoid bone

138
Q

Q: When measuring finger MCP hyperextension, where is the stationary arm of the goniometer placed?

A

A: Volar aspect of the midline of the metacarpal being measured

138
Q

Q: The axis for measuring finger MCP flexion with a goniometer is placed where?

A

A: Dorsal aspect of the MCP joint being measured

139
Q

Q: True or False: Palmar abduction and radial abduction of the thumb use the same landmarks for measurement.

A

A: True

140
Q

Q: For measuring thumb IP flexion/extension, where is the axis of the goniometer placed?

A

A: On top of the thumb’s IP joint

141
Q

Q: What are the common settings for dynamometry during grip strength testing?

A

A: Settings 2 or 3

142
Q

Q: Name the three types of pinch measurements performed with a pinch dynamometer.

A

A: Tip pinch, three-jaw pinch, lateral pinch

143
Q

Q: True or False: MMT for MP flexion/extension involves stabilizing against the MCP joints.

A

A: True

144
Q

Q: How many vertebrae are in the human spine?

A

A: 33 vertebrae

145
Q

Q: Which vertebrae are associated with a secondary (lordosis) curve?

A

A: Cervical and lumbar vertebrae

146
Q

Q: Dowager’s hump is a condition associated with which part of the spine?

A

A: Thoracic spine

147
Q

Q: What structure is vulnerable to pathology changes with age and supports the transmission of body weight?

A

A: Vertebral body

148
Q

Q: True or False: The intervertebral foramina transmit spinal nerves from the vertebral canal to the body wall and extremities.

A

A: True

149
Q

Q: What are the two components of an intervertebral disc?

A

A: Anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

150
Q

Q: Which deep back muscles are known as postural muscles?

A

A: Intrinsic or paraspinal muscles

151
Q

Q: Name the three muscles that make up the erector spinae group.

A

A: Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

151
Q

Q: What is the primary action of the erector spinae muscles?

A

A: Extension of the vertebral column

152
Q

Q: True or False: The transversospinalis muscles lie deep to the erector spinae muscles.

A

A: True

153
Q

Q: Which bone forms the acetabulum, the socket of the hip joint?

A

A: Os coxa

154
Q

Q: Name the joint between L5 and S1 bodies and articular processes.

A

A: Lumbosacral joint

155
Q

Q: What is the role of the sacroiliac joint?

A

A: Limited mobility due to its role in weight transfer during standing/sitting

156
Q

Q: True or False: Anterior pelvic tilt causes shortening of the erector spinae and sartorius muscles.

A

A: True

157
Q

Q: What happens to the iliofemoral ligament during posterior pelvic tilt?

A

A: It tightens

158
Q

Q: Which muscles are shortened in hip hike?

A

glute medius and tensor fascia latae

158
Q

Q: True or False: Hip drop is associated with a shortened gluteus medius.

A

A: False (It’s associated with a lengthened gluteus medius)

159
Q

Q: The sacral plexus spans which vertebrae?

A

A: L4-S4

159
Q

Q: Which nerve innervates the TFL, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus?

A

A: Superior gluteal nerve

160
Q

Q: Name the nerve that innervates the gluteus maximus.

A

A: Inferior gluteal nerve

161
Q

Q: True or False: The sciatic nerve consists of L4-S3 fibers.

A

A: True

162
Q

Q: Which muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve?

A

A: Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

163
Q

Q: What movements occur at the hip on a transverse axis in the frontal plane?

A

A: Flexion and extension

164
Q

Q: What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

A: Surrounds the acetabulum, adding stability to the hip joint

165
Q

Q: Which ligament contains blood vessels in the hip joint?

A

A: Ligament of the head of the femur

166
Q

Q: True or False: The deep palmar arch is formed by the radial artery.

A

A: False (It is formed by the ulnar artery)

167
Q

Q: Which structure in the hand is responsible for preventing bowstringing of tendons over the MCP joint?

A

A: Sagittal bands

167
Q

Q: What is the primary action of the flexor pollicis brevis?

A

A: Flexion of the thumb

168
Q

Q: True or False: The central slip of the extensor digitorum tendon attaches to the middle phalanx.

A

A: True

169
Q

Q: Name the condition characterized by the anterior dislocation of the lunate into the carpal tunnel.

A

A: FOOSH (fall on outstretched hand)

170
Q

Q: True or False: Mallet finger is an injury to the flexor tendon at the DIP joint.

A

A: False (It’s an injury to the extensor tendon)

170
Q

Q: What test is used to measure opposition of the thumb to the pinky?

A

A: CMC opposition test

171
Q

Q: What is the significance of the anatomical snuff box in clinical examination?

A

A: Used to assess for scaphoid fractures

172
Q

Q: True or False: Klumpke’s palsy results in consistent flexing of the PIP joints.

A

A: True

173
Q

Q: What is the result of inflammation of the palmar aponeurosis?

A

A: Dupuytren’s contracture

173
Q

Q: Which muscle is involved in adduction and flexion of the thumb?

A

A: Adductor pollicis

174
Q

Q: Name the structure that is a continuation of the ulnar artery in the hand.

A

A: Superficial palmar arch

175
Q

Q: True or False: The ulnar nerve splits into superficial and deep branches in Guyon’s canal.

A

A: True

176
Q

Q: What muscle is tested by having the patient bring the pinky and thumb together?

A

A: Opponens digiti minimi

177
Q

Q: Which structure forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

A

A: Flexor retinaculum

178
Q

Q: The nucleus pulposus is part of which structure in the spine?

A

A: Intervertebral disc

179
Q

Q: True or False: Anulus fibrosis is the inner, semi-gelatinous region of the intervertebral disc.

A

A: False (It is the outer ring of fibrocartilage)

179
Q

Q: What is the primary action of the longissimus muscle?

A

A: Extension and lateral flexion of the spine

180
Q

Q: Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand, carpal, and phalangeal joints?

A

A: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve

181
Q

Q: Which condition involves a “dinner fork deformity”?

A

A: Colles’ fracture

182
Q

Q: The axis for measuring thumb MP flexion is placed where?

A

A: Right on top of the thumb’s MCP joint

183
Q

Q: What type of pinch involves pinching with the thumb and index finger tips?

A

A: Tip pinch

184
Q

Q: Which structure in the pelvis is formed by the fusion of three bones?

A

A: Os coxa

185
Q

Q: True or False: Posterior pelvic tilt causes lengthening of the rectus abdominis.

A

A: False (It causes shortening)

186
Q

Q: The sciatic nerve innervates which group of muscles?

A

A: Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendonosus, and ischial portion of the adductor magnus

187
Q

Q: Name the movements that occur at the hip on a longitudinal axis in the sagittal plane.

A

A: External and internal rotation

188
Q

Q: What is the closed pack position of the hip joint?

A

A: Full extension, internal rotation, and abduction

189
Q

Q: True or False: Flexor retinaculum bridges the tubercle of the trapezium to the hook of hamate.

A

A: True

190
Q

Q: The ligament of the head of the femur is also known as what?

A

A: Ligamentum teres

191
Q

Q: Which condition is characterized by the inflammation of the tendon sheath around the thumb?

A

A: Dequervain’s tenosynovitis

192
Q

Which muscles are lengthened in a hip hike?

A

quadratus lumborum and adductor magnus

193
Q

Which muscles are shortened in a hip drop?

A

quadratus lumborum and adductor magnus

194
Q

Which muscles are lengthened in a hip drop?

A

glute medius and tensor fascia latae

195
Q

hip hike occurs when

A

non weight bearing hip elevates

196
Q

hip drop occurs when

A

non weight bearing hip lowers

197
Q

posterior pelvic tilt causes what muscles to shorten?

A

rectus abdominus, glute max, and hamstrings

198
Q

posterior pelvic tilt causes what muscles to lengthen?

A

erector spinae and sartorius

199
Q

anterior pelvic tilt causes what muscles to shorten?

A

sartorius and erector spinae

200
Q

Anterior pelvic tilt causes what muscles to lengthen?

A

abdominals, iliopsoas, and hamstrings

Anatomy (4 decks)

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