exam 2

Question 1

A policy or a program that strives to redress past discrimination through the implementation of proactive measures to ensue equal opportunity. In other words, affirmative action efforts can take place in employment environments, education, or other arenas

Answer 1

Affirmative Action

Question 2

from the greek for “self-ruled” autonomy is the capacity to make free and deliberate choices. The capacity for autonomous action is what explains the inherent dignity and intrinsic value of individual human beings.

Answer 2

autonomy

Question 3

The Natural Step challenges businesses to imagine what a sustainable future must hold. From that vision, creative businesses then look backward to the present and determine what must be done to arrive at that future.

Answer 3

Backcasting

Question 4

an imperative is a command or duty; “categorical” means that it is without exception. Thus, a categorical imperative is an overriding principle of ethics, Philosopher Immanuel Kant offered several formulations of the categorical imperative: act so as the maxim implicit in your acts could be willed to be a universal law; treat persons as ends and never as means only; treat others as subjects, not objects

Answer 4

categorical imperative

Question 5

“buyer beware” in Latin, and this approach suggests that the burden of risk of information shall be placed on the buyer. This perspective assumes that every purchase involves the informed consent of the buyer, and, therefore, it is assumed to be ethically legitimate.

Answer 5

caveat emptor approach

Question 6

the sum of relatively set traits, dispositions, and habits of an individual. Along with rational deliberations and choice, a person’s character accounts for how she or he makes decisions and acts. Training and developing character so that it it disposed to act ethically is the goal of virtue ethics.

Answer 6

Character

Question 7

Seeks to integrate what is presently waste back into production in much the way that biological processes turn waste into food.

Answer 7

“closed-loop” production

Question 8

A set of behavioral guidelines and expectations that govern all members of a business firm.

Answer 8

code of conduct

Question 9

A persuasive indicator of independent contractor status that provides the employer the ability to control the manner in which the work is performed. Under the common-law agency approach, the employers need not actually control the work, but must merely have the right or ability to control the work for a worker to be classified an employee.

Answer 9

common-law agency test

Question 10

a corporate culture in which obedience to laws and regulations is the prevailing model for ethical behavior

Answer 10

compliance-based culture

Question 11

exists where a person holds a position of trust that requires that she or he exercise judgement on behalf of others, but where her or his personal interest and/or obligations conflict with the proper exercise of that judgment.

Answer 11

conflict of interest

Question 12

Ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, that determine right and wrong by calculating the consequences of actions.

Answer 12

consequentialist theories

Question 13

Part of environmentalism that emphasizes efficient use of natural resources and preventing waste and exploitation of those resources. This perspective values the natural world not as an end in itself, but as a means to provide for healthy and happy human lives over the long term.

Answer 13

conservationist/ convervationism

Question 14

One of the five elements that comprise the control structure, similar to the culture of an organization, and support people in the achievement of the organization’s objectives. The control environment “sets the tone of an organization, influencing the control consciousness of its people”

Answer 14

control environment