Exam 2 Flashcards
Primary lymphoid organs are:
Thymus and red bone marrow
Which lymphatic structure receives lymph from the left shoulder?
Thoracic Duct
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right side of the head and
thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
Lymph collecting from the lower extremities would first pool in the ___ in the
abdominal cavity before moving on up
cisterna chyli
When the lymphatics are blocked due to a parasitic infection in a limb, the result
is
severe localized edema distal to the blockage
Which lymphatic structure receives lymph from the left lung?
Thoracic Duct
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
c. Replaces injured tissues with connective tissue scar-
Select the correct statement about phagocyte mobilization during an
inflammatory response
Mainly neutrophils and macrophages migrate into inflamed areas
The four signs of inflammation are
Pain, swelling, heat, and redness
Fever:
Is regulated by chemicals that reset the body’s thermostat to a
higher setting
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes
The two main types are T-cells and B-cells
A primary adaptive immune response
Has a lag period while B-cells proliferate and differentiate into
plasma cells
Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B-cell during a
primary immune response?
Antigen
___ are released by activated T-cells and macrophages to mobilize immune
cells and attract other leukocytes into the area:
Cytokines
The only T-cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the:
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Antibody functions are true for all of the following, except for
Agglutination- cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood
cells, when blood types are not correctly matched
Delayed (Type IV) hypersensitivities:
Include allergic contact dermatitis
Select the correct statement about both active and passive immunity
Both are mechanisms of specific immunity that use antibodies
An immediate hypersensitivity that involves the reaction of an antigen to IgE
antibodies on mast cells, like occurs with asthma, is known as:
Type 1 hypersensitivity- IgE
Which set of blood vessels and heart chambers are involved with pulmonary
circulation
Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for increased ventilation in a normal
healthy person is:
Increased conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell
membranes by which process
Diffusion
The lungs do not normally collapse because of
Both surfactant protein and negative intrapleural pressure
During quiet expiration, the
Thorax and lungs passively recoil
Which specific structure seals the larynx when we swallow?
Epiglottis
The correct order of structures that air moves past when moving towards the
lungs is as follows:
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
What respiratory factor contributes to and most directly regulated blood pH
levels?
a. Carbon dioxide levels in the blood
The respiratory membrane serves to allow for rapid exchange of gases in the
lungs, which of the following is not part of the respiratory membrane?
Secretory epithelium
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the
alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen to out.
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the
alimentary tube.
Peristalsis
Process by which the products of digestion are passed through the lumen of the
intestinal tract into the blood or lymph
Absorption
What is true of the process called ‘deglutition.’
Requires coordinated activation of both skeletal muscles and smooth muscles
Chyme is created in the
Stomach
Chemical digestion of proteins is initiated in the ____.
Stomach
A small portion of the chemical digestion of lipids is initiated early in the
Mouth
Gastrin, histamine, endorphine, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin
are hormones that are released directly into the lamina propria (submucosa).
Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products?
Enteroendocrine cells
The digestive function of the liver is to produce ___.
Bile salts
The middle segment of the small intestine is known as the:
Jejunum- middle
Wide lymphatic capillary located within each villus
Lacteal
The function of the hepatic portal venous circulation is to
Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine? It
Is longer than the small intestine- it is shorter than the long intestine
Relatively high levels of ____ are considered good to protect against heart and
vascular diseases.
High density lipoprotein (HDL
A course of antibiotics would likely affect the uptake of which essential
nutrients?
Vitamins K and B
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel in
humans is
Glucose
Increased use of non-carbohydrate molecules to conserve glucose for essential
systems (i.e. nervous system) during periods of low glucose intake is called:
Glucose Sparing
For a normal healthy person, proteins are essential to the body for the following activities, except:
Energy production within cells
Lipogenesis occurs when:
Cellular ATP and stored glucose levels are high
Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach that produces the feeling of
‘hunger’ by acting on the hypothalamus in the brain. After eating a meal, which
short-term appetite regulators are being released that achieve a temporary
feeling of ‘satiety’?
Leptin and peptide YY
Glycogen formation in the liver in response to insulin occurs during the
Absorptive state
As the body progresses from the absorptive state to the post absorptive state,
___ continues to use glucose for energy while other organs in the body switch
to fatty acids.
Brain
