Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S+D > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Socialisation

A

Process of passing down cultures and norms through generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

WEIRD Samples

A

Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic

96% samples come from 12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Henrich, Heine & Norenzayan (2010)

A

96% of psychology samples come from Western countries representing 12% of the world’s population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hofstede (1980)

A

Conducted a questionnaire to characterize cultures in the workplace.

Factor analysis revealed:
power distance
uncertainty avoidance
masculinity femininity
individualism collectivism
time perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Power Distance

A

Extent to which cultures accept unequal power hierarchies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Uncertainty Avoidance

A

Extent to which cultures plan for dealing with life’s uncertainties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Masculinity-Femininity

A

Extent to which cultures value attributes historically associated with masculinity or femininity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Time Perspective

A

Extent to which cultures have long-term orientation and planning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Independent self-construal (IndSC)

A

Identity seen as separate and unique from others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Interdependent self-construal (InterSC)

A

Identity intertwined with others and defined by relationships.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Relational self-construal (RelSC)

A

Extent to which people define themselves in reference to close personal relationships.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Correspondence bias

A

Tendency to attribute behaviour to stable internal traits rather than situational factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Masuda & Nisbett (2001)

A

Study on cross-cultural differences in attention to visual scenes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Kitayama, Duffy, & Kawamura & Larsen (2003)

A

Study on cross-cultural differences in cognitive processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cross et al. (2011)

A

Identified issues with self-report surveys in cross-cultural psychology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reference group effect

A

Tendency to rate oneself based on comparison to others in the same cultural group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Markus and Kityama (1991) IndSC InterSC

A

IndSC = father friend mother co worker away from circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The evil that good people can readily do

A

Concept of how socially approved roles, rules, and norms can lead good people to harm others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cruelty towards prisoners

A

Guards displayed increasingly cruel behavior towards the prisoners.

demands became more arbitrary
divide and rule
locked in solitary confinement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Lucifer Effect

A

Zimbardo’s concept of how good people can engage in evil actions in certain situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Criticisms of the SPE

A

a. Findings difficult to verify - not all the interactions were recorded and even fewer are publicly available.

b. Data was observational - no controlled measurement of behavioural data (e.g., physiological measures) - no self report data. no other method to verify findings

c. Was participants’ behaviour due to their acceptance of their role or the leadership given by the experimenters?

d. Evidence of resistance by prisoners, and that some guards did not act tyrannically has been largely ignored. - ignored as doesn’t fit into narrative of findings. Not all acted in a way consistent with conclusions drawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How long did SPE last

A

Brutality of the ‘guards’ and suffering of the prisoners resulted in the experiment being abandoned after only 6 days (scheduled for 2 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

Theory that competition for scarce resources leads to conflict and ethnocentrism between groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sherif’s summer camp experiments

A

Experiments where boys were divided into two groups and observed for intergroup conflict and cooperation.

  • Four phases:
    1. Spontaneous friendship formation
  1. In-group and norm formation
  2. Intergroup competition

4.Intergroup cooperation

25
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

The belief that bringing members of opposing groups together can improve intergroup relations and reduce prejudice

26
Q

Extended contact hypothesis

A

Knowledge of cross-group friendships can reduce prejudice, even without personal experience.

27
Q

Imagined contact hypothesis

A

Imagining positive interactions with out-group members can reduce prejudice.

28
Q

Social identity theory

A

Theory that individuals derive self-esteem from the status and achievements of their in-group.

29
Q

Positive social identity

A

Striving for a positive distinctiveness between one’s own group and relevant out-groups.

30
Q

Accentuation effect

A

Overestimating similarities among people within a category and dissimilarities between people from different categories.

31
Q

Relative homogeneity effect

A

Tendency to see in-group members as more differentiated and out-group members as the same.

32
Q

Minimal Group Paradigm

A

Sometimes the mere presence of an in-group vs. out-group distinction is sufficient to create intergroup conflict!

Minimal group paradigm - experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorisation on group behaviour.

33
Q

Platow et al. (2005):

A

Interaction effect found. Participants laughed (4x) longer when they believed the canned audience laughter came from in-group members.

34
Q

Informational social influence

A

Conforming because others have more information on what is true/accurate

35
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conforming to the expectations of others in a group context

36
Q

Compliance

A

External change in attitude/behavior DOES NOT ALTER PRIVATE ATTITUDES

37
Q

Sherif (1935)

A

Autokinetic experiment on social influence
Taken in turns to call out estimates
Estimates start to move towards a group average
Normative

38
Q

Asch (1952)

A

Average conformity was 33%
5% conformed on all trials
50% conformed at least once
25% remained independent
compared to 0.7% errors in control, easy task rules out informational influence

39
Q

Group size conformity

A

Greater conformity with larger groups

40
Q

Groupthink

A

Mode of thinking in highly cohesive groups that prioritizes consensus over rational decision making

Pressure to reach a consensus quickly

41
Q

Group polarization

A

Tendency for groups to make more extreme decisions than individuals

people can become less tolerant to opposing views

42
Q

Critical review of Asch (1952):

A

Results could be interpreted as
(i) low levels of public conformity (only 1/3 of time), and
(ii) almost no private persuasion

Group pressure only enough for public show of consensus, but participants were not actually persuaded

43
Q

Factors influencing obedience

A
  1. Closeness (immediacy) of learner
  2. Proximity of shock equipment
  3. Legitimacy of authority
44
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Psychological discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs

45
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation driven by enjoyment and satisfaction

46
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Motivation driven by external pressure or rewards

47
Q

Overjustification effect

A

Rewards indicating external cause of behavior undermining intrinsic motivation

48
Q

Hedonism

A

Focus on openness to change and self-enhancement

49
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Tendency to give more weight to earlier information when forming an impression.

50
Q

Recency Effect

A

Tendency to give more weight to more recent information when forming an impression.

51
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship between two things when none exists or exaggerating a relationship.

52
Q

Dogmatism

A

Closed-mindedness and resistance to belief change

53
Q

Rational Strategies to restore BJW

A

Victim focus
* Supporting social welfare programmes and policies - preventative action - prevent suffering of undeserved victims

Helping the victim directly - through actions and behaviours - compensatory actions, pro social behaviour…

Preferred strategy when actions remove the injustice.

54
Q

Immanent Justice Reasoning (IJR)

A

Attributing suffering to an individual’s prior failings or immoral character.

Can result in victim blaming

Individuals may look for ways to attribute suffering to their immoral character to restore their implicit belief

55
Q

Ultimate Justice Reasoning (UJR)

A

Belief that undeserved suffering will be compensated with positive outcomes in the long run.

56
Q

Uncertainty management theory

A

Managing personal uncertainty by adhering to cultural worldviews.

We adhere to cultural worldviews (norms, values) to provide a sense of stability in an otherwise uncertain world. - sense of order

57
Q

Terror management theory

A

How people respond when reminded of their own mortality.

innate drive for survival

To manage the paralyzing fear of death, humans embrace cultural worldviews

58
Q

Non-rational strategies to restore BJW

A

Victim blaming

Perceiving a silver lining from suffering
○ That will compensate what the victim has experienced
*Most research focuses on these non-rational strategies.

S+D (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions