Exam 1 - Ch. 1

Question 1

Robert Hook

Answer 1

1665
build a microscope to see the first “cells”
actually saw dead cell walls

Question 2

Cell Theory

Answer 2

1839, Schwann

1. All organisms consist of one or more cells
2. The cells is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells

Question 3

Levels of cellular organization

Answer 3

Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

Question 4

Properties of cells

Answer 4

capacity to grow
capacity to reproduce
capacity to become specialized
capacity to respond to stimuli

Question 5

Model organisms

Answer 5

species that are widely studied

1. easy to manipulate
2. short generation time
3. easy to maintain in lab

Question 6

4 phases of where first cells came from

Answer 6

1. Abiotic synthesis of simple organic compounds
2. Abiotic polymerization of these monomers into macromolecules
3. Emergence of macromolecules that store genetic info and can self-replicate
4. Encapsulation of this first macromolecule with simple membrane

Question 7

Evidence for phase 1

Answer 7

Stanley Miller

lightning could provide the energy needed

Question 8

Evidence for phase 3

Answer 8

Altman and Cech - 1980s

Ribozymes - act as enzymes and can self-replicate

Question 9

Evidence for phase 4

Answer 9

liposomes form in water

protocells

Question 10

Unicellular vs multicellular

Answer 10

multi-celled organisms can compartmentalize and allow specialization of functions

Question 11

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Answer 11

prokaryotes - bacteria and archaea; no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

eukaryotes - membrane bound nucleus and organelles; compartmentalization; cytoskeleton

Question 12

Archaea

Answer 12

closer in relation to eukaryotes

live in extreme habitats

Question 13

All cells

Answer 13

metabolize sugar for energy
transport ions across cell membranes
transcribe DNA into RNA
divide to generate daughter cells
ribosomes aid in protein synthesis

Question 14

Plasma membrane

Answer 14

phospholipid bilayer, embedded with proteins

selective permeability

Question 15

nucleus and nuclear membrane

Answer 15

nuclear envelope with pores for mRNA exit

nucleolus is where rRNA is made

Question 16

mitochondria

Answer 16

circular DNA
2 membranes
aerobic respiration
inherited from egg only

Question 17

chloroplast

Answer 17

circular DNA
2 membranes
site for photosynthesis
house pigments

Question 18

endosymbiont theory

Answer 18

proposes mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from prokaryotes that now coexist symbiotically in eukaryotes

have their own DNA, circular
double membrane
similar in size to bacteria

Question 19

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

network of membranes

rough ER has ribosomes

smooth ER is site for lipid/steroid synthesis and inactivate toxins/drugs

Question 20

golgi

Answer 20

processes and modifies the packaging around secretory proteins that needs to be sent out of the cell in vesicles

Question 21

lysosome

Answer 21

contains enzymes used in digesting macromolecules

Question 22

peroxisomes

Answer 22

degrade hydrogen peroxide

break down fatty acids

Question 23

vacuoles

Answer 23

food, water, pigment storage

Question 24

ribosomes

Answer 24

not membrane bound
in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
site for protein synthesis

Question 25

cytoplasm

Answer 25

organelles + cytosol + cytoskeleton

Question 26

cytosol

Answer 26

the fluid inside the cell

Question 27

cytoskeleton

Answer 27

the interconnected web of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

give cell structure

Question 28

extracellular matrix

Answer 28

gives elasticity to cell

consists of collagen and proteoglycans

Question 29

cell wall

Answer 29

gives rigidity to cell

consists of cellulose and other polysaccharides

Question 30

how are the extracellular matrix and cell wall similar

Answer 30

they contain structures used for transporting materials across plasma membrane