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Mechanism of Disease > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Fluids

A

crystalloids, colloids

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2
Q

Crystalloid Fluids

A

fluids with micromolecules (electrolytes and non-electrolytes). Fluids move to interstitial space.

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3
Q

Colloid Fluids

A

fluids with macromolecules. Fluids stay in the intravascular space.

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4
Q

Hypotonic Fluids

A

Lower osmolality than intravascular => fluid moves to cell. ie: 0.45% NaCl, 5% Dextrose in water.

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5
Q

Hypertonic Fluids

A

Higher osmolality than intravascular => fluid moves to intravascular. ie: 7.5% NaCl, 5% Dextrose in isotonic fluids.

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6
Q

Isotonic fluids

A

osmolality same as intravascular => fluids move where needed. ie: 0.9% NaCl, LRS, Normosol

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7
Q

Crystaloid Uses

A

correct dehydration, expand vascular space, correct electrolyte/acid-base imbalances

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8
Q

Natural Colloids

A

restore RBCs, clotting factors, AT III, Albumin. ie: plasma, whole blood

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9
Q

Synthetic Colloids

A

improve perfusion. ie: Dextran, Hetastarch

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10
Q

Dehydration Deficit

A

%dehydrated x BW(kg)

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11
Q

Daily Maintenance

A

40-60ml/kg/day

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12
Q

Fever

A

15-20ml/kg/day extra

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13
Q

Ongoing losses

A

estimate fluid loss and replace

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14
Q

Shock rate

A

Dog: 90ml/kg/hr
Cat: 45ml/kg/hr

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15
Q

Shock rate delivery

A

Give 1/4 ASAP, rest over next hr

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16
Q

Do you treat cardiogenic shock?

A

not until function is restored

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17
Q

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

A

imbalance of pro-inflammatory (excess) and anti-inflammatory (deficient)

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18
Q

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)

A

altered function of >1 organs in acutely ill patient

19
Q

DIC

A

Failure of cagulation system => widespread clotting

20
Q

Osmolality

A

mOsm solute/kg solvent.

determines # of particles

21
Q

Effective Osmols

A

draw water to them, don’t cross membtanes

22
Q

Hypertonic Dehydration

A

Water loss > electrolyte loss.

ie. osmotic diarrhea (Lactulose), Maldigestion/absorption

23
Q

Isotonic Dehydration

A

Water loss = electrolyte loss

ie. diarrhea, renal dz

24
Q

Hypotonic Dehydration

A

Water loss < electrolyte loss

ie. secretory diarrhea, vomiting

25
Q

Hyponatremia

A

excess Na loss. ie. v/d

26
Q

Hypernatremia

A

excess water loss. ie. obstruction, osmotic diarrhea

27
Q

Hypochloremia

A

Cl loss > Na loss. ie. vomiting, intestinal obstruction

28
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

response to dec. HCO3. ie. dec. salivation (cattle), renal dz, respiratory alkalosis

29
Q

Hypokalemia

A

excess K loss. ie. v/d, intestinal obstruction, vagal indigestion

30
Q

Anion Gap

A

determines cause of metabolic acidosis (loss of HCO3 or titration)

31
Q

Osmotic Diarrhea

A

osmolites remain in the intestine, drawing water into the lumen. ie. malabsorption/digestion

32
Q

Secretory Diarrhea

A

active secretion. ie. bacterial toxins

33
Q

Increased Permeability

A

mucosal damage and inflammation

34
Q

Abnormal Intestinal Motility

A

dec contractions => diarrhea

35
Q

Bone Blood Supply

A

Principle nutrient Artery, metaphysial artery, periostial artery, epiphysial artery (immature)

36
Q

Indirect Bone Healing

A

unstable mecanical environment: gap >1mm, impaired revascularization

37
Q

Indirect Bone Healing: Inflammatory Stage

A

Lasts 3-4 days, development of clot

38
Q

Indirect Bone Healing: Repair Stage

A

clot becomes granulation tissue, inc. mechanical strength

39
Q

Indirect Bone Healing Remodeling Stage

A

70% of total healing time, provides optimal function and strength

40
Q

Direct Bone Healing: Contact

A

direct filling w/o callus formation, <0.01mm, takes 6-12 mo for appropriate strength

41
Q

Direct Bone Healing: Gap

A

<1mm, union and remodeling are separate, mechanically weak

42
Q

Physial Fracture: Zone of Hypertrophy fracture

A

heals by continuous growth

43
Q

Physial Fracture: Zone of Proliferation fracture

A

heals by endochondrial ossification and closes

44
Q

Factors Affecting Healing

A

location, stability, method of fixation, biological environment, blood supply, osteosynthesis

Mechanism of Disease (3 decks)

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