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COM 1000 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

speaking

A

any action that is embodied, communcative, and addressed

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2
Q

embodied speaking

A

physical presence that shapes our experience of their speech

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3
Q

communicative speaking

A

evoke emotions, generate ideas, convey information, and change beliefs

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4
Q

addressed speaking

A

direct a message toward some individual or group

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5
Q

public

A

a group of people connected by shared identity, assembly, or media consumption

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6
Q

public speaking

A

an action that is embodied, communicative, and addressed to the public. A public is not defined by your setting; it’s determined by your audience

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7
Q

identity groups

A

based on shared social cultural, or politial membership e.g.: Californians, environmental lawyers, and Hispanic Americans

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8
Q

immediate audiences

A

defined by physical space e.g.: attendees at a festival, conference participants, crowd at a disaster site

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9
Q

media audiences

A

based on shared media consumption e.g.: followers of Imani Barbarin, Los Angeles Sparks fans, Megan Thee Stallion fans

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10
Q

standpoint

A

critical awareness of your location in a social context

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11
Q

social location

A

your position in a social context

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12
Q

intersectionality

A

complex interconnection of different identities and experiences that form your social location. This is based on your experiences, knowledge and skills, values and passions, self-presentation and identity

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13
Q

speaking situation

A

the set of resources you have available to build your speech including, speaker, audience, context, and purpose

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14
Q

speaker

A

emphasize the experiences, knowledge, passions, and identities that will best fit your purpose, audience, and context

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15
Q

audience

A

a wide variety of common attitudes, experiences, interests, and memberships

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16
Q

context

A

setting and circumstances that frame your speech

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17
Q

purpose

A

impact you want your presentation to have on your audience

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18
Q

Analyzing your speaking situtation process

A
  1. identify the fixed factors
    • time, place, audience members, topic, etc.
  2. choose a starting point
    • choose one of the fixed factors for the foundation of your speech
  3. elaborate the elements one by one
    • choose your strength, how to address the audience, and connect with them
    • decide the frame of your message
    • shape, refine, and target the purpose
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19
Q

anxiety

A

a negative label for intense physiological and psychological situation
- do not acknowledge your symptoms
- use your nerves to give you the energy and motivation
- the goal is not to eliminate anxiety but to manage and channel it

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20
Q

inverted u-model

A

peak performance levels occur at a midrange of anxiety, lowest level of performance occur at very high/vrey low anxiety

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21
Q

excitement

A

a positive label for intense physiological and psychological situation
- motivates you to prepare a better speech
- delivery becomes more animated and engaging

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22
Q

affective anxiety

A

physical feelings of anxiety including physical sensations and emotions e.g.: upset stomach, a pounding heart, sense of fear or dread, feeling on edge of jittery

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23
Q

behavioral anxiety

A

outward expressions of anxiety e.g.: verbal fillers, trembling, pacing, sweating, etc.

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24
Q

cognitive anxiety

A

negative thoughts and images e.g.: worries, predicting negative events, and negative beliefs

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25
Q

mindfulness

A

the practice of cultivating both awareness and detachment from your current experience

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26
Q

affective strategies

A

deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, physical movement

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27
Q

cognitive strategies

A

recognize your inner critic, create empowering beliefs through affirmations, positive visualization

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28
Q

behavioral strategies

A

reduce environmental stress, seek support, prepare and practice

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29
Q

personal model of resilience

A

the set of strengths and strategies an individual uses to face and manage life events

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30
Q

strengths

A

reflect on how you have used your strengths to help you through a challenging event

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31
Q

strategies

A

turn each strength you have used in the apst into a strategy you can use in the future

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32
Q

symbols

A

create an image or metaphor that symbolizes your own strengths and strategies

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33
Q

credibility

A

your audience’s trust that you have the relevant experience, knowledge, values, and identities to speak on a particular topic

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34
Q

ethics

A

the habit and principles that guide and individuals actions
- comes from the Greek word Ethods - both character and habit
- your habits create your character; your character guides your habits
- how you act determines who you are, and who you are determines how you act

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35
Q

brain plasticity

A

constant changes our brain makes to incorporate new experiences, abilitys, and habits

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36
Q

implicit ethics

A

the unquestioned beliefs and ingrained habits that we did not consciously choose, but instead learned from our family, culture, or social groups

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37
Q

explicit ethics

A

principals that we have consciously chosen to live by
- reject
- adapt
- embrace

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38
Q

stereotype

A

simplistic generalizations about groups of people

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39
Q

totalizing

A

defining a person’s whole identity based on a single aspect of their identity or experience - as if it were the sum total of who they are

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40
Q

essentializing

A

assuming that some characterisitcs or set of characteristics defines the intrinsic nature of all members of a group

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41
Q

hate speech

A

any communication that attacks, dismisses, or demeans a person or a group based on who they are

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42
Q

inclusive language

A

using person-centered and identity-neutral terms to avoid excluding or marginalizing others

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43
Q

person-centered language

A

refers to the humannes of an individual, while recognizing relevant identity traits as qualities of that person

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44
Q

idenitity-neutral language

A

refers to a person or persons without marking them according to their actual or possible identity traits

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45
Q

social inequality

A

refers to the uneven distribution of power and resources in society

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46
Q

privilege

A

any unearned social, political, and economic advantages granted to certain groups in a society

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47
Q

normalization

A

the treatment of the needs, values, and culture of a privileged group as the standard

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48
Q

double vision

A

refers to marginalized groups’ understanding of the “standard” needs, values, and culture of the privileged identity group as well as their own

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49
Q

initial credibility

A

your audience’s impression of you before your speech begins (reputation, physical appearance, nonverbal behavior)

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50
Q

derived credibility

A

assign credibility to a speaker based on the actual message (quality of evidence and skill of delivery)

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51
Q

terminal credibility

A

the lasting impression you leave your audience when your speech is over

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52
Q

contribution

A

a unique perspective that you as a speaker can offer to this audience, on this topic, in this context. Highlight this by emphasizing the differences between your standpoint and your speaking situation (audience, context, purpose)

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53
Q

identification

A

communicating shared identities, experiences, and values. Establish this by finding an element of your standpoint that your audiences share (identities, experiences, and values)

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54
Q

restoring credibilty process

A
  1. apology take ownership
  2. transformation stories - resolve tension
  3. transcendence stories - when audience stereotypes you
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55
Q

apology - take ownership

A
  1. accept responsibility
  2. show you understand the problem and its significance
  3. take corrective action
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56
Q

transformation stories

A
  1. present an image of your past self (actions, habits, values)
  2. transformational event of experience (felt, realized changed you)
  3. image of transformed self (beliefs and values have changed)
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57
Q

transcendence stories

A
  1. acknowledge their expectations
  2. challenge their assumptions
  3. share your story
  4. integrate the familiar and unfamiliar
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58
Q

delivery

A

the way you communicate the content of your presentation, not what you say, but how you say it. Includes voice and body

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59
Q

voice

A

volume, pitch and rhythm

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60
Q

body

A

gestures, posture, and facial expressions

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61
Q

convey information

A

emphasize important points and reinforce your message

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62
Q

create interest

A

speeding up/down, speaking louder/softer, change your posture/gesture

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63
Q

communicate credibility

A

building trust with your audience

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64
Q

evoke emotion

A

vocal patterns, movement, and facial expressions

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65
Q

clarity

A

the experience of understanding something without effort

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66
Q

variety

A

the experience of change, range, or diversity, helping you keep your audience engaged

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67
Q

immediacy

A

the experience of physical or psychological closeness between a speaker/audience

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68
Q

mood

A

the transitory experiences of a feeling or emotion

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69
Q

vocal delivery

A

the way you use your voice to express yourself

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70
Q

voice

A

includes non-linguistic modifiers that affect the meaning, emotion, and understanding of language use

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71
Q

volume

A

a speaker’s level of amplification - how loudly or softly they are speaking

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72
Q

rate

A

how quickly or slowly a speaker is speaking, usually measured in words per minute

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73
Q

pitch

A

described how high or low a speaker is speaking

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74
Q

rhythm

A

a repeated pattern of sounds

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75
Q

pauses

A

punctuate the flow and pattern of sound with silence

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76
Q

verbal fillers

A

vocalizations that we use to fill gaps in our speech

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77
Q

articulation

A

the ability to make vocal sounds clearly and distinctly

78
Q

pronunciation

A

articulating a word in a particular way to conform to the expectations of an audience

79
Q

physical delivery

A

refers to a speaker’s non-linguistic gestures, experessions, movement, and self-presentation. Can have an impact on clarity, variety, immediacy, and mood of a presentation

80
Q

proximity

A

refers to the perception of physical distance between a speaker and their audience

81
Q

public distance

A

large stage or auditorium

82
Q

social distance

A

small groups, classroom speeches

83
Q

personal distance

A

sitting around a table or on Zoom

84
Q

intimate distance

A

online vloggers, friends, partners

85
Q

posture

A

how someone holds and positions their body

86
Q

closed posture

A

distance, discomfort, or even dislike

87
Q

open posture

A

relaxed, more immediacy

88
Q

inclined posture

A

boredom, sadness, or submissiveness

89
Q

upright posture

A

confidence, interest, and excitement

90
Q

gesture

A

moving your body to communicate

91
Q

substitution

A

communicates your meaning all by itself

92
Q

reinforcement

A

repeats the meaning of your words

93
Q

contradiction

A

indicates the opposite of your words

94
Q

accentuation

A

highlights words, phrases, or moments

95
Q

regulation

A

helps us take turns in a conversation

96
Q

adaptation

A

helps us soothe or calm ourselves

97
Q

facial expression

A

refers to moving our shaping the face to communicate emotion or accomplish one of the six functions of gesture

98
Q

eye contact

A

your audience’s experience of being looked at directly in the eyes

99
Q

adornment

A

how you present your physcial appearance

100
Q

effective delivery

A
  • personal and situational
  • develops a natural, relaxed delivery style by speaking from your strengths
  • practice can help you reduce your anxiety and emphasize your unique gifts as a speaker
  • as you gain more experience, your signature speaking style will begin to take shape
101
Q

delivering your text

A

your choice should be based on what best suits your context, purpose, audience, and strengths

102
Q

memorized delivery

A

word for word from memory

103
Q

manuscript delivery

A

reading the text word for word

104
Q

extemporaneous delivery

A

key points on text, but speaking freely

105
Q

impromptu delivery

A

no advance preparation

106
Q

vocal and physical delivery

A

make a plan for the elements of your delivery by
- troubleshooting issues with clarity
- marking up your text to add variety
- gauge the right level of immediacy
- establish a baseline mood

107
Q

tips to help you optimize your practice

A
  • divide your practice presentations into multiple sessions
  • practice delivering your speech as you would to your audience
  • practice in an environment similar to your actual speaking situation
  • ask for feedback
108
Q

mediated presentations

A

are public speeches delivered through audio or visual media

109
Q

media gatekeepers

A

are decision makers who select and filter content on media channels

110
Q

agenda setting

A

the capacity for media coverage to influence an audience’s priorities

111
Q

media consolidation

A

the concentration of media ownership into the hands of a few corporations (Comcast, Paramount Global, Warner Media & Discovery)

112
Q

platforms

A

are digital channels or services for distributing media content

113
Q

sound recordings

A

Sound Cloud, Spotify, etc.

114
Q

video recordings

A

Vimeo, YouTube, etc.

115
Q

Live recordings

A

Instagram Live, Zoom, etc.

116
Q

influencer

A

a social media creator with a large and highly engaged online following

117
Q

audience analysis

A
  • more challenging online than it is in person
  • cyclical process of finding the audience and refining your message
118
Q

finding an audience online

A
  • tap into your existing communities and networks
  • seek out niche platforms and online communities
  • explore audience analytics
  • study your platform’s algorithm
  • connect with influencers
  • don’t forget traditional media gatekeepers
  • be persistent and consistent
119
Q

recording audio

A

goal is to capture clear, clean sound
- choose a quiet location
- position your microphone
- select your delivery method
- make multiple recordings

120
Q

editing audio

A
  • adjust volume
  • remove background noise
  • cut unwanted segments
  • export your audio file
  • share your audio
121
Q

recording video

A

pay attention to the principle
- create a neutral background
- choose your attire
- use good lighting
- position your camera
- record in sections

122
Q

editing video

A
  • cut unwanted segments
  • choose your transitions
  • add presentation aids
  • export your video file
  • share your video
123
Q

asynchronous communication

A

a time lapse occurs between the speaker creating a message and the audience receiving it

124
Q

synchronous communication

A

the audience receives a message at the same time the speaker delivers it. Allows for greater spontaneity, immediacy, and engagement with an audience

125
Q

preparing to speak live online

A
  • understand your platform
  • designate a host
  • ensure privacy and security
  • practice using technology
  • remember your audio
  • oriented your audience to your platform
  • interact with your audience
  • integrate presentation aids
  • share a recording of your live event
126
Q

audience

A

the group of people who will listen to you speak

127
Q

common ground

A

values, attitudes, and behaviors that your audience shares

128
Q

values

A

what people consider both good and important (abstract beliefs)

129
Q

attitudes

A

particular beliefs about someone or something

130
Q

behaviors

A

actions and habits that outwardly express a person’s values and attitudes

131
Q

psychographic information

A

data that describes your audience members’ values, attitudes, and behaviors. Provides a more ethical and effective approach to audience analysis

132
Q

demographic information

A

data that categorizes your audience members’ identities (race, age, gender, sexual orientation, etc.)

133
Q

informal conversations

A
  • initiate a live conversation when possible
  • use open-ended questions that invite in-depth descriptions
  • ask follow-up questions
  • request additional resources
134
Q

audience surveys

A
  • distribution of survey (in-person, social media, Google, email, etc.)
  • introduce your questions
  • ask close-ended questions
  • conclude with an open-ended question
135
Q

online presence

A
  • search for the organization’s website
  • search for the organization’s social media accounts
  • look for themes (words commonly used)
136
Q

publicity materials

A
  • request materials (flyers, web pages, social media posts, etc.)
  • value terms that create expectations
  • watch for reactions on social media
  • social media analytics
137
Q

social media analytics

A

the collection and analysis of user behavior on social media sites
- who views your content
- how they interact with your content

138
Q

build a profile of what is most important to your audience

A
  • list the values, attitudes, and behaviors you found
  • focus on the values, attitudes, and behaviors relevant to your presentation
  • divide your list into assets and challenges
  • assess how strongly your audience holds those values, attitudes, and behaviors
  • determine how widely your audience holds those values, attitudes, and behaviors
139
Q

public

A

a group of people connected by shared identity, assembly, or media consumption
- what values, attitudes, and behaviors bring your audience together as a public? Most relevant to your context? Best support your purpose?
- How can you connect their common interests to your own standpoint and strengths as a speaker

140
Q

identity publics

A

defined by membership in a social, cultural, or political group
- a shared identity frames their interpretation of your speech
- to appeal to an identity public: understand how they see themselves within your speaking situation

141
Q

media publics

A

defined by their shared consumption of a media text, artist, or genre
- to appeal to a media public: appeal to the media text, artist, or genre binding them together in your speaking situation

142
Q

immediate publics

A

defined by simple sharing a physical or virtual space
- not usually gathered by shared identity or media consumption

143
Q

complex publics

A

a combination of two or more types of publics
- offer more opportunities to address your audience

144
Q

increasing relevance, overcoming resistance

A

cause-effect, if-then, either-or
- acknowledge the opposition without judgment or condemnation
- concede the difficulty of discussing the issue at hand
- praise the audience for their willingness to listen
- acknowledge the limits of your own perspective
- turn to the larger stakes or common values you share with your audience

145
Q

cause-effect

A

(purpose - cause, value - effect), what the audience can gain,

146
Q

if-then

A

(challenge values - if, call for purpose - then), what the audience can lose

147
Q

either-or

A

(choose between your purpose and a negative outcome for their values), focuses on that loss even more directly

148
Q

increasing consensus, overcoming division

A

parallel address and overarching priorities

149
Q

parallel address

A

acknowledge the identities, values, or attitudes that divide your audience, the suggest that both positions lead to the same conclusion

150
Q

overarching priorities

A

create identification in a divided audience by appealing to shared values, attitudes, and behaviors

151
Q

purpose

A

the impact you want your presentation to have on your audience; opportunity to make a difference

152
Q

exigence

A

the reason you called to speak to a particular audience in a particular context

153
Q

why you

A

helps you build credibility and communicate your standpoint to your audience

154
Q

why them

A

shows you ways to connect with your audience

155
Q

why now

A

helps you choose a topic that is relevant and important to your current context

156
Q

topic

A

what your presentation is about
- common topics do not always respond to the more pressing exigences of the speaking situation
- be sure that your standpoint, audience, or context provides an exigence for addressing that issue
- best topics fit your standpoint, your audience, and your context

157
Q

standpoint

A

consider your experiences, knowledge, values, and identities

158
Q

audience

A

your audience’s attitudes, values, and behaviors can also be a rich source for speech topics

159
Q

context

A

the context of your presentation is essential to understand your exigence and find your purpose

160
Q

brainstorming

A

a process for generating ideas and solutions
- brain storm standpoint and strengths
- brainstorm audience
- brainstorm context
- mix and match
- test your topic

161
Q

general purpose

A

informing, persuading, and connecting

162
Q

informing

A

teach the audience information without calling for a significant change in their existing values, attitudes, or behaviors

163
Q

persuading

A

convince and audience to change their existing values, attitudes, or behaviors

164
Q

connecting

A

connect the speaker with the audience and connect the audience members with each other

165
Q

specific purpose

A

a detailed goal including the general purpose, public, topic, and outcome of your presentation
- the who, the what, and the why
- must be meaningful and achievable in order to be effective

166
Q

meaningful and achievable

A
  1. consider your context
    a. achievable: fits available time and space
    b. meaningful: fills available time and space
  2. gauge your credibility
    a. achievable: fits existing credibility and relationship
    b. meaningful: enhances credibility and relationship
  3. assess your audience position
    a. achievable: fits existing knowledge and beliefs
    b. meaningful: expands knowledge and beliefs
167
Q

thesis statement

A

complete, concise, and clear sentence summarizing the main idea
- a good thesis statement tells your audience what you will say and why you will say it
- your audience’s interest and help them remember the key takeaway from your presentation

168
Q

informing

A
  • state the knowledge the audience will gain
  • the importance of that information
169
Q

persuading

A
  • state the change in attitude, value, or behavior that you recommend
  • the reasons for that change
170
Q

connecting

A
  • state the occasion that brings the group together as a public
  • the values represented by that occasion
171
Q

complete thesis statement

A

explains both what you will say and why you will say it

172
Q

concise thesis statement

A

brief enough to understand and remember
- long, complex thesis statements are difficult to grasp and easy to forget
- ideally less than 25 words

173
Q

clear thesis statement

A

leaves your audience with no doubt about what they will get from your presentation
- can be easily understood by your audience with no other information or explanation
- avoid language that is vague or unfamiliar to your audience, and use terms that are both precise and recognizable

174
Q

primary goal

A

providing the audience information or skills that they do not already have
- do not call for a significant change in their audience’s existing values, attitudes, or behaviors

175
Q

3 C’s of informing

A

challenge, controversy, credibility

176
Q

challenge

A

how will you challenge them to learn something new without giving them too much to process?

177
Q

controversy

A

how will you avoid or address potential disagreements to communicate important information

178
Q

credibility

A

how do your strengths connect to this topic?

179
Q

challenge

A

how much you are trying to extend your audience’s existing knowledge or skills
- any new knowledge you share must be comprehensible to your audience
- to teach your audience something new, you have to meet them where they are

180
Q

controversy

A

a debate or disagreement among different views
- give your audience all the information they need to evaluate different positions and make their own decision
- give a balanced and accurate amount of the controversy and avoiding taking a side

181
Q

credibility

A

your audience’s trust that you have the relevant experience, knowledge, values, and identities to speak on a particular topic
- take advantage of your own standpoint and strengths
- share your biases or conflicts of interest with your audience

182
Q

emphasize meaning

A

increases audience’s interest and memory
- start with connection - linking to their attitudes, values, and behaviors
- close with impact - reinforcing the information personally affects the audience

183
Q

connect to existing knowledge

A

completely unknown topics are hard to grasp
- start with a familiar topic - audience already understands to compare and contrast with the new idea that you want to introduce
- note the similarities - new topic has in common with another topic they already know
- explain the differences - what makes the new topic different
- describe the new topic - elaborate your topic on its own terms

184
Q

clarify ambuigity

A

meaning of a new term, concept, or idea is vague or confusing
- start with a model - exemplar (recognizable model that demonstrates all the qualities)
- provide a definition
- give more examples
- mark the limits - exclusions (fall outside the limits of the definition)

185
Q

visualize complexity

A

more complex topics - more visualizations
- preview the elements - different parts to discuss
- introduce the first element - verbally and visually
- include transitions - rhetorical questions
- introduce the next element
- describe the whole - all connect together

186
Q

balance abstraction and specificity

A

depends on your situation
- the level of abstraction or specificity you need depends on your situation
- consider the right balance for your situation
- avoid vague language
- eliminate unnecessary detail - don’t provide too many details

187
Q

event

A

an occasion or an occurrence
- chronological organization is a common way to organize, but not the only way

188
Q

people

A

human beings, with all the capacities, rights, and endowments that humanity confers
- how can the audience learn from all the person/people?
- demonstrate how the person/people connect to the audience’s values, goals, and identities
- create identification between the audience and the person/people

189
Q

objects

A

a material thing that can be sensed and acted on
- anything that has a visible or tangible form
- introduce one part of the object at a time

190
Q

process

A

a series of actions or steps that leads to some result or outcome
- training , tutorial, and “how to” presentations
- usually have a chronological structure
- clarify ambiguity, visualize complexity, and balance the abstract and specific

191
Q

concepts

A

an abstract idea - a value, an attitude, a belief, or a theory
- benefit from being divided into specific parts
- visualizing complexity may be the most important strategy to introduce a concept

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