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bio psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cranial trephination?

A

Early form of brain surgery that was performed ritualistically that involved drilling holes in the brain

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2
Q

What is the over arching idea of cranial trephination?

A

Ancient cultures believed there to be a connection between brain and behavior

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3
Q

What did Galen study?

A

Behavioral changes following head injuries in gladiators

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4
Q

What did Galen hypothesize?

A

That the fluids (humors) in the ventricular system were connected to the body via nerves

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5
Q

What are the 4 humors?

A

Sanguine (blood), melancholics (black bile), cholerics (yellow bile), and phlegmatics (phlegm)

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6
Q

What does sanguine correspond to?

A

Extroverted and social temperments

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7
Q

What does melancholics correspond to?

A

Creativity, kindness, and consideration

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8
Q

What does cholerics correspond to?

A

Energy, passion, and charisma

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9
Q

What does phlegmatics correspond to?

A

Dependability, kindness, and affection

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10
Q

What did galen theorize about behavior/personality based on the 4 humors?

A

A persons behavior/personality was a balance between all 4 humors

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11
Q

What were Descartes ideas?

A

Brain was like machine involved in fluid mechanics, fluids in the brain inflated muscles and caused movement

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12
Q

What is dualism?

A

The idea that the mind is subject to the spirit and the body is subject to material interactions

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13
Q

What did Descartes suggest about the pineal gland?

A

That the mind and body were connected in the pineal gland

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14
Q

What did Gall study?

A

The shape of a persons skull in comparison to their behavior

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15
Q

What is phrenology?

A

The idea that different bumps on the skill could reveal out mental abilities and character traits

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16
Q

What are the flaws of phrenology?

A

Bumps on the skull do not correspond to bumps on the brain, Gall employed inaccurate classifications for different parts of the brain, and used selective and arbitrary methods of observation@AQ

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17
Q

What did Flourens think?

A

Opposed doctrines of phrenology

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18
Q

What kind of studies did Flourens conduct and what did they oppose?

A

Ablation/lesion studies that challenged localization of function

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19
Q

what are ablation/lesion studies?

A

Involve damaging/removing brain tissue and observing changes that occur as a result

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20
Q

What did Lashley do?

A

Conducted ablation studies and concluded that memories were not localized and that impairment was related to the amount of tissue removed rather than its location

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21
Q

What did lashley conclude?

A

Brain tissue had equal potential for the mediation of brain functions

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22
Q

What did Broca argue?

A

That language ability was localized to a restricted region

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23
Q

Who wrote the neuron doctrine?

A

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

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24
Q

What did the neuron doctrine state?

A

The idea that the brain is made up of discrete cells called nerve cells, each delimited by an external membrane

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25
Q

What is the reticular theory?

A

The cells of the brain are fused into a giant web like network, all cells are in contact and continuous with each other, the web functions as a whole network and the contribution of individual parts is lost

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26
Q

Who came up with the reticular theory?

A

Camillo Golgi

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27
Q

What did Golgi believe?

A

That the protoplasmic processes (now dendrites) were in contact with blood vessels and function to provide nutrients to the cell and that the business of the nerve cells were carried out by what are now axons, which he believed to be continuous with each other and formed the reticulum (network)

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28
Q

Who named the synapse?

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

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29
Q

Role of soma/cell body

A

contains the nucleus, integrates information, serves as metabolic center

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30
Q

Role of dendrites

A

Convey information towards cell body, receives input from other cells

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31
Q

Role of axons

A

Conveys information away from the soma, sometimes over long distances, conducts signals away from cell

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32
Q

Role of synaptic terminal

A

Output domain of neuron

33
Q

Presynaptic site

A

site of release, contains synapse machinery, neurotrasmitters, ion channels, and mitochrondria

34
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between the presynaptic and postynaptic sites

35
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

Store neurotransmitter to be released

36
Q

Postsynaptic density

A

Area of dendrite that is opposite release site, contains receptors

37
Q

What are the principle types of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, and pseudounipolar

38
Q

What is an example of a multipolar neuron?

A

Most common, motor neurons

39
Q

What is an example of bipolar neurons?

A

Highly specialized sensory systems, ex retina

40
Q

What is an example of pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Peripheral nervous system

41
Q

What is the role of the presynaptic neuron?

A

To send the message

42
Q

What is the role of the postsynaptic neuron?

A

To receive the message

43
Q

What is convergence?

A

Number of inputs to a single neuron and it reflects the ability of a neuron to integrate those signals

44
Q

What is divergence?

A

The number of targets a single neuron can communicate with

45
Q

What do excitatory synapses do to their target?

A

Depolarize

46
Q

What do inhibitory synapses do to their target?

A

Hyperpolarize

47
Q

Are axosomatic synapses upstream or downstream?

A

Upstream

48
Q

What are glia?

A

Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system

49
Q

Why are glial cells important to the nervous system?

A

Provide physical support, regulate extracellular environment to maintain homeostasis, provide protection, have defensive roles (immune cells), produce myelin

50
Q

What are the types of macroglia?

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

51
Q

What are the characteristics of astrocytes?

A
  • provide structural support
  • act as glial guide wires for neurons during development
  • maintain ion balance around neurons
  • participate in reuptake of neurotransmitter adjacent to synapse
  • surround blood vessels (BBB)
  • migrate to site of neuronal injury and proliferate to aid in repairing damaged neuronal tissue (specialized set of astrocytes called reactive astrocytes), can lead to gliosis (glial scarring) if unsuccessful
52
Q

What are the characteristics of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • predominate in white matter
  • extend multiple arms to myelinate multiple axons within the CNS only
  • insulating cells in the CNS via myelin (fatty membrane), done by Schwann cell in PNS
53
Q

What is the function of Schwann cell?

A

Forms myelin sheath around peripheral nerves

54
Q

What is myelin?

A

membrane wrapped tightly around most axons in the nervous system, acts as an insulator (helps increase speed of conduction of nerve impulses)

55
Q

What is the node of ranvier?

A

gaps between bundles of myelin, important for propagating an action potential

56
Q

What are characteristics of microglial cells (macrophages)?

A

-survey the CNS to combat infection
- activate and infiltrate zones of CNS to scavenge for infection and damage
- some exist within the CNA and others infiltrate from the blood

57
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Reaction of a carbohydrate group to a protein cargo which allows the cargoes to be targeted to different vesicles in the golgi apparatus

58
Q

Kinesin

A

anterograde (away from cell body)

59
Q

Dynein

A

retrograde (toward the cell body)

60
Q

What are the 3 major components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microtubules
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microfilaments
61
Q

What are the characteristics of microtubules?

A
  • made out of tubulin
  • act as tracks along which motor proteins and vesicles move
  • microtubule shortening moves chromosomes
62
Q

What are the characteristics of intermediate filaments?

A
  • stabilize cell structure
  • help hold neighboring cells together
  • made of keratin
63
Q

What are the characteristics of microfilaments?

A
  • determine cell shape
  • made from the protein actin
64
Q

What is the hydrophillic head of a phospholipid?

A

a phosphate charged group

65
Q

What is the hydrophobic tail of a phospholipid?

A

fatty acids

66
Q

What connects the hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic head of a phospholipid?

A

Glycerol backbone

67
Q

What can passively move across the plasma membrane?

A

Hydrophobic molecules, small polar molecules

68
Q

What can’t passively move across the plasma membrane?

A

large polar molecules, ions

69
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

70
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A

size of molecule, temperature of solution, concentration gradient, electric charges

71
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

span entire membrane

72
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

only adheres temporarily to membrane on the periphery

73
Q

What falls under facilitated diffusion?

A

ion channels and transport/carrier proteins

74
Q

What falls under active transport?

A

pumps

75
Q

What do ion channels do?

A

Allow ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient, can be selective for a particular ion

76
Q

What does it mean when an ion channel is gated?

A

can be closed or opened to passage of ions, gate opens when protein is stimulated to change its shape, stimulus can be a molecule (ligand gated) or electrical charge (voltage gated)

77
Q

What do transport/carrier proteins do?

A

allow large molecules and ions to move across phospholipid bilayer

78
Q

What are characteristics of active transporters?

A

-Active transporters move ions against their concentration gradient
-require energy
-slow
- responsible for generating and maintaining concentration gradients for particular ions

bio psych (3 decks)

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