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Histology Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

PAS

A

Glycocalyx and basement membranes

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2
Q

Massons trichrome

A

Collagen architecture

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3
Q

Wrights stain

A

RBC and WBC

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4
Q

Sudan

A

lipid droplets and mitochondria

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5
Q

Silver stain

A

polypeptide hormores (in golgi) and basement membranes

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6
Q

Hematoxyin

A

stains DNA and RNA at the inactive part (heterochromatin) Unstained is the euchromatin!

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7
Q

What DNA stains better?

A

Less coiled (heterochromatin)

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8
Q

Less active cells do not have…?

A

Ribosomes because they do not move out of nucleoulous to produce machinery

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9
Q

Usually for cytoplasm we stain with

A

Eosin….more acidiophillic in cytoplasm

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10
Q

Secretory vessicles usually release what for this stain?

A

Enzymes for the eosin stain…nucleous is stained with basophillic material

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11
Q

Osmium (sudan)

A

used for lipid droplets

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12
Q

Feuglan

A

Used for staining the DNA of cells only!

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13
Q

Acid Phosphatase

A

Used for staining lysosomes with the enzyme acid phosphatase for digestion

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14
Q

Silver stain

A

used for golgi apparatus…will not stain nucleus or nucleoulous

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15
Q

Acid fuschin

A

used to stain mitocondria…especially in kidneys for seeing active transport!

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16
Q

Negative relief giesma

A

will stain golgi zone but leave white everything else…cytoplasm and its contents

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17
Q

Negative relief Wrights

A

mitocondria in RBCs are rich in lipid membrane so they will stand out in basophillic stain

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18
Q

Keratinocytes with H&E

A

will stand out as red/gold because of the pigment melanin

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19
Q

Lipofuschin

A

nerve cells…turn brown pigment (lysosome residual bodies)

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20
Q

Lipochrome

A

muscle cells…turn up yellow pigment (lysosome residual bodies)

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21
Q

Mesenchymal cell

A

very undifferentiated. Can become differenitated. As undifferentiated, the cyto will not stain very well because no other organells

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22
Q

Paneth Cell

A

Highly differentiated cells. antibacterial agent for the gut. Agent is produced at bottom via nucleous/ribosomes. Packaged in middle (red granules). Stored and released at top of cell. Cell has polarity!

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23
Q

Nerve cell

A

very big

doesn’t stain well besides nucleolus

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24
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Eosin stain
Found along the edge and are absorptive
Box like shape with cilia and villi

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25
Q

Eosin

A

Osteoclasts, striated duct cells. parietal cells
collagen and fibers
mitocondria, acgin and myosin, Hb

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26
Q

Diastase

A

removes glyogen from the cell via hydrolysis

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27
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

stains kertain via anti-keratin (10nm)

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28
Q

Mictotubules

A

tubulin (25nm) via eosin

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29
Q

Microfilaments

A

actin and myosin (5-7nm) via eosin

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30
Q

Differentiation

A

cell assumes specialized structures and fxns

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31
Q

Cell differentiation in adults

A

MATURATION

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32
Q

Cell layers as they diffferentiate?

A

Youngest at the bottom layer and then go up as they get older

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33
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated

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34
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death via genes

uses own energy

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35
Q

Necrosis

A

cell death via external factor

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36
Q

Number of lymphocytes from the thymus that dont mature?

A

95%

Many undergo apoptosis

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37
Q

Cornified skin layer

A

All skin has it…allows us to touch and hold things

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38
Q

Caspases

A

Corresponds with Apoptosis. Enzymes that allows for cascade of activation

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39
Q

Pyknosis

A

condensation of chromatin is a sign of apoptosis

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40
Q

karyorrhexis

A

degradation of DNA causing the nucleus to break down

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41
Q

promnormoblast

A

youngest recognizable RBC

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42
Q

RBCs are bigger or small when young?

A

HUGE
The more active its chromatin, the most synthesizing and stretched out!
Very delicate network full of dots that will get bigger and bigger
Euchromatin vs heterochromatin. Hetero increases with age!
Blue stain via Wright stain
Ribosomes stained via eosin because of Hb synthesis present!

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43
Q

Stage of Normoblast development

A

1-Basophillic normoblast-has the greatest amount of ribosomes at this stage!
2-Polychromatophillic normoblast is the next stage
Youngest is the most blue…the redder it becomes the older it gets!
3-Orthochromic normoblast-late normoblast (right before maturation)
4-Polychromatophilic erythrocyte-nucleous is gone and the RBC is almost mature!

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44
Q

Reticulocytes

A

little bit of ribosome left in them…want about 1-1.5% to be considered normal that will eventually mature into the normal erythrocyte. VERY IMPORTANT…anemic

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45
Q

Inclusions

A

resevoirs for metaboltes, waste, secretory

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46
Q

EM resolution

A

0.001um

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47
Q

Pars Fibrosa (hetero)

A

extremly dense (dark) chromatin in the nucleus

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48
Q

Pars amorpha

A

more lightly stained fibrillar centers at the center of the pars fibrosa

49
Q

Pars granulosa

A

composed of ribosomal particles (on the outside of fibrosa)

50
Q

Perinuclear heterochromatin-

A

electron dense areas near the edge of the nucleus

51
Q

Euchromatin EM

A

electron NO dense (light) in nucleus

52
Q

Primary form of lysosome

A

dense bodies

53
Q

secondary form of lysosome

A

multivesicular

54
Q

Centrioles

A

paired at right angles to one another

Tubules organized in triplets

55
Q

Basal bodies

A

at base of cilium….composed of microtubules!

56
Q

Single glyocgen particles AKA and size

A

beta (30nm)

57
Q

Clusters of single glycogen

A

alpha/rosettes

58
Q

How to tell between glycogen and ribosomes

A

look for halos=glycogen

59
Q

Lipids on EM

A

Big huge white holes

60
Q

Long single segments on EM

A

Microtubules or filaments

61
Q

Satellites

A

Electron dense masses of basal bodies on the sides. Like balls

62
Q

these are found at the base of microvilli?

A

Microfilaments (actin)

63
Q

Matrix granules are composed of…

A

inorganic ions (calcium)

64
Q

Golgi vs ER

A

Golgi is much more stacked

65
Q

RER Fxn

A

Secretory product production

66
Q

Smooth ER Fxn

A

Degrades/detoxifies

67
Q

The term blast signifies what?

A

Young/undeveloped

68
Q

Where is keratin heavily located?

A

Near the nuclues…via anti-keratin

69
Q

Example of a stallete cell?

A

lymph cell

70
Q

Acinus Cell

A

a many lobed cell…many compartments..usually with secretory granules! Stains with H&E

71
Q

Connective tissue staining

A

Usually looks like sickle cells…more gaps and curves between tissues. H&E

72
Q

These molecules make keratinocytes the color they are

A

Melanosomes

73
Q

Paneth Cell location

A

Small intestine (secretions)

74
Q

These cells demonstarte the greatest number of differentiation

A

embryos!

75
Q

The word ending for a ‘mature cell’

A

“CYTE”

76
Q

Does apoptosis effect neighbors?

Does necrosis effect neighbors?

A

NO

Yes

77
Q

This gets rid of the human tail

A

Apoptosis

78
Q

Breast feeding?

A

When done the epitheial cells that secrete undergo apoptosis

79
Q

Degradation of DNA causes what to happen to the cell?

A

Karryorhexius cause an Increase in acidity (eosin)

80
Q

All blood cells are derived from what?

A

Bone marrow hematopoetic cells

81
Q

Young pronormoblasts stain….

A

Blue….lots of active euchromatin…nucelus takes up much of cell

82
Q

As pronormoblasts gets older

A

More heterochromatin
Cell/nucleus shrinks
Increase acid…decrease base

83
Q

The most numerous normoblast in a cell?

A

Polychromatic normoblast

Has a mixture of staining….acidic and basic

84
Q

At what stage is the nucleus ready to be expelled from the cell of the normoblast?

A

Orthochromatic normoblast

85
Q

At what stage has the nucleus been expelled from the cell?

A

polychromatic erthythrocyte

86
Q

Where are poly. erthrocytes present?

A

Bone marrow. NOT BLOOD

87
Q

RBC diameter

A

7-8um

88
Q

Sickled Cell Anemia

A

Can’t move through caps, bad for Hb affinity

89
Q

Elliptocytosis

A

Where RBC is oval in shape, not lethal but cause anemia

90
Q

PLatletes

A

From megakaryocytes

Clump together

91
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Basophillic

Huge nucleues, lots of heterochromatin

92
Q

Neutrophils

A

Multilobed
Basophillic nuclues
Eosin cytoplasm

93
Q

Eosinophils

A

Bilobed
Large eosinophillic granules in cytoplasm
Interum on EM

94
Q

Basophils

A

Tons of granules that take over the cytoplasm

Basophillic

95
Q

Monocytes

A

Bilobed, Horse shoe

Huge diameter 3X

96
Q

Active vs Inactive Bone marrow

A

Red-active

yellow-inactive (fat)

97
Q

Where is red marrow loacted?

A

Axial skeleton ribs, sternum, pelvis

98
Q

1st stage of Hemopoeis

A

Mesoblastic Period
Occurs in yolk sac…rbc development!
Transient cells that disappear by 4th month

99
Q

“Primitive Generation erythroblast”

A

1st stage of RBC development

100
Q

2nd Stage of Hemopoesis

A

Hepatic stage-6th week
Hemopoesis begins in liver
sythesizes Fetal Hb.
Also develops RBCS in spleen and liver

101
Q

3rd stage of Hemopoesis

A

Myeloid
Bone marrow starts at 3rd and take over completely at 6th month
Fetal Hb until birth and while you live the utero
Don’t switch to adult Hb until birth…if don’t make the switch you will have problems

102
Q

This cell has no nucleus

A

RBC/erythrocyte

103
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

HUGE NUCLEUS

Divides into 1000 platlets

104
Q

Neutrophil %

A

55

105
Q

Eosinophil %

A

3

106
Q

Basophil %

A

1

107
Q

Normoblast %

A

25

108
Q

Lymphocytes %

A

15

109
Q

Monocytes %

A

0.3

110
Q

Hemopoetic nodules

A

Found on spleen on mice.
Represent clusters of developing RBCs
One cell could give rise to any cell

111
Q

Hemopoetic stem cell

A

CD34 marker is a stem cell marker
1/1,000 in marrow
1/10,000 in circulating blood/leukocytes

112
Q

Stem cells two choices

A

A-Myeloid cell

B-lymphoid cell

113
Q

GEMM

A

Granulocytes, Eosinophils, Megakaryocytes, Monocytes

114
Q

GMCSF

A

Prokine/leukine
Stem cells of granuclocytes and monocytes
Via macrophages, endothelium, fibroblasts and T cells

115
Q

GCSF

A

Neupogen/filgrastim

stem cells of Neutrophils and mobilization of cells through the blood

116
Q

Erythropoeitin

A

Regulates RBC production

Found in the kidnet

117
Q

When are hemopoetic factors used?

A

When cells are not responding, tumors are present, chemotherapy and etc.

118
Q

5 Hemopoesis factors

A 
1-hemopoeitins
2-hemopoeitic factors
3-CSF
4-interluekins
5.Cytokines

Histology Exam 1 (1 decks)

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