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Psychology > Evolutionary and Developmental psychology > Flashcards

Evolutionary and Developmental psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of development?

A

Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operations stage
Formal operations stage

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2
Q

What kind of intelligence exists in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Practical

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3
Q

What kind of intelligence exists in the preoperational stage?

A

Symbolic

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4
Q

What kind of intelligence exists in the concrete operational stage?

A

Internalised logical operations

Reasoning about concrete things

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5
Q

What kind of intelligence exists in the formal operations stage?

A

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Abstract reasoning

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6
Q

Did Piaget believe in domain general or domain specific?

A

Domain general

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7
Q

What type of “growth” do piaget’s stages of development show?

A

Cognitive morphogenisis

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8
Q

Why are piaget’s stages of development defined as “constructivist”?

A

Intelligence emerges from interactions between individuals and environment

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9
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Incorporating environment into existing cognitive structures

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10
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Change in the cognitive structures themselves

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11
Q

What are some example concepts of the concrete operations stage?

A 
Time
Number
Measuring
Seriation
Classification
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12
Q

Which of piaget’s experiments shows preoperational children to be egocentric?

A

The mountain experiment

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13
Q

Name the sensorimotor sub-stages

A
  1. Reflexes
  2. Primary circular reactions/habits
  3. Primary schemes coordinated/secondary circular reactions
  4. Secondary schemes coordinated in means end sequences
  5. Tertiary circular reactions/intelligent groping
  6. Discovery of new means by mental co-ordination
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14
Q

What is the first stage of Piaget’s stages of development?

A

Sensorimotor stage

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15
Q

What is the second stage of Piaget’s stages of development?

A

Preoperational stage

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16
Q

What is the third stage of Piaget’s stages of development?

A

Concrete operational stage

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17
Q

What is the fourth stage of Piaget’s stages of development?

A

Formal operations stage

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18
Q

What is the first sub stage of the sensorimotor stage?

A

Reflexes

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19
Q

What is the second sub stage of the sensorimotor sub stages?

A

Primary circular reactions/habits

Development of new schémas

20
Q

What is the third sub stage of the sensorimotor stage?

A

Primary schemes co ordinated / secondary circular reactions

21
Q

What is the fourth sub stage of the sensorimotor stage?

A

Secondary schemes coordinated in means-end sequences

22
Q

What is the fifth sub stage of the sensorimotor stage?

A

Tertiary circular reactions/intelligent groping

23
Q

What is the final sub stage of the sensorimotor stage?

A

Discovery of new means by mental coordination

24
Q

What is domain specificity?

A

Mind as a Swiss Army knife

Different mechanisms for different knowledge

25
Q

What is domain general?

A

Mind as a general multi-purpose tool for all types of knowledge

26
Q

What three factors does Darwin’s theory of evolution rely on?

A

Competition
Variation
Heritability

27
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When two different species evolve the same feature but in different ways/for different things.

E.g. Birds and bats both have wings

28
Q

What experiment is Kohler famous for?

A

The chimpanzees stacking boxes to get to the bananas

29
Q

What experiment challenges Piaget’s claim that preoperational children are egocentric?

A

McGarrigle and Donaldson - the naughty teddy bear experiment

30
Q

Who is behind the naughty teddy bear experiment?

A

McGarrigle and Donaldson

31
Q

Who discovered that 4-5 month old babies might have object permanence?

A

Baillargeon

32
Q

Why did Baillargeon believe that 4-5 month old babies had object permanence?h

A

Babies stare longer at impossible situations (e.g. Animation where the rabbit jumps high even when the object is removed)

33
Q

What challenges are there to Baillargeon’s idea that 4-5 month old babies have object permanence?

A

Babies don’t search for objects manually until 8 months old

Babies still make A type errors where they continue to believe that the object is in the wrong location

34
Q

What is the difference between morphogenesis and growth?

A

Morphogenesis means producing or generating new forms out of something different

Growth means the progressive increase in size of the same form

35
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding that objects are situated in space, existing separately to myself, and can be perceived and manipulated

36
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of object permanence?

A

1/2. Separate and uncoordinated sensory experience - objects are undifferentiated from self

  1. Inability to retrieve hidden objects - objects only exist when perceived.
  2. Hidden objects retrieved always but inability to understand invisible displacements
  3. Invisible displacements understood. Full concept.
37
Q

What are the first two stages of object permanence?

A

Separate and uncoordinated sensory experience. Objects not differentiated from self.

38
Q

What is the third stage of Piaget’s object permanence?

A

Inability to retrieve hidden objects - objects only exist when perceived

39
Q

What is the fourth stage of object permanence?

A

Hidden objects retrieved but with “A” errors - own action is linked to object’s existence

40
Q

What is the fifth stage of object permanence?

A

Hidden objects retrieved always but inability to understand invisible displacements

41
Q

What is the final stage of Piaget’s object permanence?

A

Invisible displacements understood.

42
Q

What did Diamond suggest to explain the fact that babies show signs of object permanence but don’t search for objects until 8 months?

A

Motor memory lag in cognitive memory

Babies fail to physically inhibit a pre-potent response

43
Q

What is intersensory/cross-modal coordination?

A

Knowing that the same object can be sensed in multiple ways e.g. Touched smelt heard etc.

44
Q

What evidence is there that babies have intersensory/cross-modal coordination?

A

Sterne and Spelke - babies Of 4 months habituations to objects they can touch but not see. When some objects’ images projected at them, they look longer at those which are different to the object they touched.

Meltzoff and Boston - 1 month olds prefer to look at dummies corresponding to the ones they felt in their mouth

45
Q

What is spatio-temporal object individuation?

A

Understanding that 2 objects must be different because they cannot exist in the same space and time

46
Q

What is property object individuation?

A

Knowing that two objects are different because they look different

47
Q

When are babies capable of spatio-temporal individuation and when are babies capable of property individuation?

A

Spatio-temporal: before 12 months

Property: after 12 months

Psychology (3 decks)

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