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Stats Second Semester > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Define ethics

A

The standards for what are the ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ things do.

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2
Q

What are the frameworks of ethics

A

Deontolgical ethics “duty and right based”

Consequentialist ethics “outcome based”

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3
Q

Define Deontological ethics

A

duty-’ or ‘rights-based’ ethics. Actions are considered ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ depending on whether they are consistent with the ‘duties’ of the agent and the ‘rights’ of those affected by the actions.

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4
Q

Define Consequentialist ethics

A

outcome-based’ ethics. Actions are considered ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ following the ‘weighing’ of their positive and negative outcomes. Example: utilitarianism, aiming to achieve maximal happiness for the greatest number.

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5
Q

Who were the two key thinkers that influenced ethics

A

Kant

Bentham

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6
Q

What are some of the ethical considerations for scientists

A 
Research conduct
 - Subjects (humans & animals)
 - Data collection, handling and publication 
 - Conflicts of interest
Public relations
Application of psychological knowledge
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7
Q

What is the guiding principles of research involving human participants

A

Autonomy and protection of the human participant – not subjects do this voluntarily

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8
Q

What were the two historical milestones for research with human participants

A

Nuremberg Code

Declaration of Helsinki

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9
Q

What did the Nuremberg code achieve

A

Especial emphasis on informed consent

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10
Q

What did the Declaration of Helsinki achieve

A

Based on Nuremberg Code, relaxation of the requirement for informed consent

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11
Q

What are the Declaration of Helsinki based on

A

The Nuremberg code

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12
Q

How are ethics decided now

A

By law of the land and professional codes of conduct

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13
Q

In psychology which ethical principles do we follow

A

BPS ethical principles

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14
Q

What are the key three ethics

A

Harm to participants must be avoided and all risks carefully assessed

Informed consent

Debriefing

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15
Q

What other species may research use

A

Animals

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16
Q

Why are animal studies used

A

Because ethical considerations rule out that these experiments are conducted on humans.

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17
Q

What do you think is the current situation concerning animal research in UK?

A

There are strict legal regulations concerning research on animals.

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18
Q

What are the guiding principles in animal research

A 
The three Rs
Refinement
Reduction
Replacement
Animal welfare
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19
Q

Who came up with the 3 Rs

A

Russel and Burch 1956

20
Q

Define refinement in animal research

A

Reduction in severity of inhumane procedures

21
Q

Define reduction in animal research

A

In the number of animals used

22
Q

Define replacement in animal research

A

Of highy sentient animals where possible.

23
Q

What are all animals in the UK research protected by

A

Animal scientific procedures act of 1986

24
Q

What animals are included in the act

A

Bees and octopus

25
Q

Where is animal research permitted

A

in ‘designated establishments’, under the remit of ‘project licences’ by researchers that have completed accredited training programmes to obtain a ‘personal licence’

26
Q

Who controls the licenses for animal research

A

Home Office

27
Q

What animals have extra protection compared to vertebrates

A

Cats, dogs and horses

28
Q

Who produced the article ‘Happy animals make good science”

A

Trevor Poole

29
Q

What has lead to questionable practice

A

High profile cases of fraud

30
Q

Who suggested that there was wide-spread questionable practice

A

Martinson et al. 2005

31
Q

What problems does publication bias for positive and new findings have

A

Replication

Falsification

32
Q

What are the guidelines for data collection, handling and publication

A

Pleasure in research
All steps carefully documented
Data stored for later verification
ALL published wherever possible

33
Q

What does authorship imply

A

important contribution to planning, execution, or evaluation of research
-contribution to manuscript and approval of (i.e., responsibility for) final version

34
Q

What is a conflict of interest

A

Any situation in which financial or personal considerations have potential to compromise scientific or professional conduct.

35
Q

What are some of the examples when a conflict of interests may take place

A

Researcher may financially benefit from specific research outcome.
Peer-reviewer wants to get research funded/published that is very similar to the one he/she assesses.
Peer-reviewer has personal relation to author or applicant.
Examiner has personal relation to examinee

36
Q

Who published the list of psychiatrists who have receiving fees from drug companies

A

Kaiser 2009

37
Q

Who received money from drug companies for their research

A 
Delbello
Biederman
Spencer
Wilens
Scharberg
Nemeroff
Stoew
Wagner
Rush
38
Q

Which of the following recommendations is currently widely adopted in science and academia concerning industry collaboration?

A

Academics should clearly declare their relevant links to industry when publishing or reviewing research.

39
Q

Are declarations of conflict of interest common

A

Yes

40
Q

What should be done against conflicts of interest

A

To minimize any negative impact, such conflicts should always be carefully considered and be dealt with openly

41
Q

Who require a declaration of conflict of interest

A

Academic journals and funding agencies form authors, applicants of funding and peer reviews

42
Q

How does public relations effect research

A

Research is largely funded by the public

43
Q

As research is funded by the public what should researchers strive to do

A

Give the interested public access to research.

44
Q

What is the problem with research funded by the public

A

Scientific knowledge is not easily accessible for lay persons, and there is huge potential for misunderstanding!

45
Q

Beyond making the research accessible what else are researchers responsible for

A

Ensuring close reading and no misrepresentation or misunderstanding

46
Q

What stressed the importance of close reading

A

Dissitation project misinterpreted ended up in The Sun

Stats Second Semester (9 decks)

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