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Stats Second Semester > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Define ethics

A

The standards for what are the ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ things do.

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2
Q

What are the frameworks of ethics

A

Deontolgical ethics “duty and right based”

Consequentialist ethics “outcome based”

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3
Q

Define Deontological ethics

A

duty-’ or ‘rights-based’ ethics. Actions are considered ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ depending on whether they are consistent with the ‘duties’ of the agent and the ‘rights’ of those affected by the actions.

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4
Q

Define Consequentialist ethics

A

outcome-based’ ethics. Actions are considered ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ following the ‘weighing’ of their positive and negative outcomes. Example: utilitarianism, aiming to achieve maximal happiness for the greatest number.

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5
Q

Who were the two key thinkers that influenced ethics

A

Kant

Bentham

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6
Q

What are some of the ethical considerations for scientists

A 
Research conduct
 - Subjects (humans & animals)
 - Data collection, handling and publication 
 - Conflicts of interest
Public relations
Application of psychological knowledge
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7
Q

What is the guiding principles of research involving human participants

A

Autonomy and protection of the human participant – not subjects do this voluntarily

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8
Q

What were the two historical milestones for research with human participants

A

Nuremberg Code

Declaration of Helsinki

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9
Q

What did the Nuremberg code achieve

A

Especial emphasis on informed consent

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10
Q

What did the Declaration of Helsinki achieve

A

Based on Nuremberg Code, relaxation of the requirement for informed consent

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11
Q

What are the Declaration of Helsinki based on

A

The Nuremberg code

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12
Q

How are ethics decided now

A

By law of the land and professional codes of conduct

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13
Q

In psychology which ethical principles do we follow

A

BPS ethical principles

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14
Q

What are the key three ethics

A

Harm to participants must be avoided and all risks carefully assessed

Informed consent

Debriefing

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15
Q

What other species may research use

A

Animals

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16
Q

Why are animal studies used

A

Because ethical considerations rule out that these experiments are conducted on humans.

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17
Q

What do you think is the current situation concerning animal research in UK?

A

There are strict legal regulations concerning research on animals.

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18
Q

What are the guiding principles in animal research

A 
The three Rs
Refinement
Reduction
Replacement
Animal welfare
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19
Q

Who came up with the 3 Rs

A

Russel and Burch 1956

20
Q

Define refinement in animal research

A

Reduction in severity of inhumane procedures

21
Q

Define reduction in animal research

A

In the number of animals used

22
Q

Define replacement in animal research

A

Of highy sentient animals where possible.

23
Q

What are all animals in the UK research protected by

A

Animal scientific procedures act of 1986

24
Q

What animals are included in the act

A

Bees and octopus

25
Where is animal research permitted
in ‘designated establishments’, under the remit of ‘project licences’ by researchers that have completed accredited training programmes to obtain a ‘personal licence’
26
Who controls the licenses for animal research
Home Office
27
What animals have extra protection compared to vertebrates
Cats, dogs and horses
28
Who produced the article 'Happy animals make good science"
Trevor Poole
29
What has lead to questionable practice
High profile cases of fraud
30
Who suggested that there was wide-spread questionable practice
Martinson et al. 2005
31
What problems does publication bias for positive and new findings have
Replication | Falsification
32
What are the guidelines for data collection, handling and publication
Pleasure in research All steps carefully documented Data stored for later verification ALL published wherever possible
33
What does authorship imply
important contribution to planning, execution, or evaluation of research -contribution to manuscript and approval of (i.e., responsibility for) final version
34
What is a conflict of interest
Any situation in which financial or personal considerations have potential to compromise scientific or professional conduct.
35
What are some of the examples when a conflict of interests may take place
Researcher may financially benefit from specific research outcome. Peer-reviewer wants to get research funded/published that is very similar to the one he/she assesses. Peer-reviewer has personal relation to author or applicant. Examiner has personal relation to examinee
36
Who published the list of psychiatrists who have receiving fees from drug companies
Kaiser 2009
37
Who received money from drug companies for their research
``` Delbello Biederman Spencer Wilens Scharberg Nemeroff Stoew Wagner Rush ```
38
Which of the following recommendations is currently widely adopted in science and academia concerning industry collaboration?
Academics should clearly declare their relevant links to industry when publishing or reviewing research.
39
Are declarations of conflict of interest common
Yes
40
What should be done against conflicts of interest
To minimize any negative impact, such conflicts should always be carefully considered and be dealt with openly
41
Who require a declaration of conflict of interest
Academic journals and funding agencies form authors, applicants of funding and peer reviews
42
How does public relations effect research
Research is largely funded by the public
43
As research is funded by the public what should researchers strive to do
Give the interested public access to research.
44
What is the problem with research funded by the public
Scientific knowledge is not easily accessible for lay persons, and there is huge potential for misunderstanding!
45
Beyond making the research accessible what else are researchers responsible for
Ensuring close reading and no misrepresentation or misunderstanding
46
What stressed the importance of close reading
Dissitation project misinterpreted ended up in The Sun

Stats Second Semester (9 decks)

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