Epidimiology essays

Question 1

Nosocomial infections defintiion and types

Answer 1

nosocomial infecion is a hospital acquired infection and there are 2 types: endogenous (related to decreased defence mechanism) and exogenous (envornnomental infection from hospital devices or people)

Question 2

Nosocomial infection epidimiology

Answer 2

specific and nonspecific

Question 3

Nosocomial infection pathological agents

Answer 3

staph epidermis
staph aureus 
streptococcus speciese 
pseudomonas 
Hep b\c 

can learn staph epidermis
gram psotive and gram negative as well as viruses like hep b\c

Question 4

Nosocomial infection types by site

Answer 4

UTI
Llower resp infections
surgical site infecfoin

Question 5

Nosocomial infection tx

Answer 5

sterilisation

disinfection

Question 6

Diphtheria infective agent

Answer 6

Clostridium diphtheria

Question 7

Diphtheria Sx : incubation period, symptoms

Answer 7

incubations 2-5 days
general and non specifci symptoms that resebmle URTI - sore throat low grade fever, chills, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy and respitratory tract presudomembranous fomraiotn,

Question 8

Diphtheria dx

Answer 8

cultures from nose swabs
CBC - leucocytosis
Chest xray - enlarged epiglottis

Question 9

Diphtheria ddx

Answer 9

angioedema
epiglottitis
infective endocarditis
myocarditis

Question 10

Diphtheria tx

Answer 10

should be started before confirmatory tests

antibiotics and dipthereia antitoxin

Question 11

scarlex fever infective agent

Answer 11

streptoccus beta hemolyticus from group A streptococcus

streptococcus pyogenus

Question 12

scarlet fever transmission

Answer 12

air borne

Question 13

scarlet fever clinical features

Answer 13

mainly sore throat and rash (rash appears 12-72 hrs after fever starts on chest, armpit, bhind ears but not on the face)

• rheumatic fever
• kidney disease (post streptococcal glomerulonephritis )
• otitis media
• pneumonia

incubtaion period 1-7 daud

Question 14

scarlet fever clinical forms

Answer 14

atypical

• typical
• non eriptove

Question 15

scarlet fever who is most at risk?

Answer 15

age 1-10s during autum or winter months

Question 16

scarlet fever dx

Answer 16

culture
strep test
anti- steptolysin O test

Question 17

scarlet fever tx

Answer 17

recoverin in 5-7 days
penicillin
isolation

Question 18

meningococcal disease cause

Answer 18

neisseria meningitidis

Question 19

meningococcal disease diseases caused

Answer 19

acute meningitis

• meningococcaemia
• nasopharyngitis

Question 20

meningococcal disease epidimiology

Answer 20

humans are the naturla host and acquired by inhaltion of aerosols of repiratory secretions

Question 21

meningococcal disease clinical presentation

Answer 21

acute purulent meningitis 
septicemia 
nasopharyngitis 
incubation period 3-5 days 
most common is neck stiffness and meningeal irritatioon sign

Question 22

meningococcal disease dx

Answer 22

CSF - white blood cells elevated
low gllucose but high protein
low K, Ca and metabolic acidosis
brudinsnzki sign

Question 23

meningococcal disease ddx

Answer 23

aseptic meningiits
encephalitis
acute cerebellar hemorrhage

Question 24

meningococcal disease complications

Answer 24

ventriculutis commonly seen with bacterial meningitis in youn infants
pneumonoia
pericarditis

Question 25

meningococcal disease tx

Answer 25

antibacterial therapy - penicillin, IV ceftriaxone

for shock and DIC fluid resuscitation and fresh frozen plasma

Question 26

Pertusis (whooping cough) etiology and transmission

Answer 26

Bordetella pertussis aerosol(sneeze cough etc)

Question 27

Pertusis