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MEH Diseases > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

How does diabetes mellitus present?
-Symptoms
-Diagnosis

A

Symptoms:
-Polyuria
-Polydipsia
-Blurred vision
-Tiredness
-Weakness
-Lethargy
-Weight loss

Diagnosis:
-Fasting glucose
-HbA1c

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2
Q

Type 1 Diabetes
-Presentation
-Treatment

A

Presentation:
-Elevated venous plasma glucose
-Presence of ketones

Treatment:
-Exogenous insulin given by subcutaneous injection

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3
Q

Describe keto-acidosis:
-How it’s caused
-Breath

A

-Caused by lack of insulin

-Pear drop smell

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4
Q

Type 2 diabetes
-Presentation
-Symptoms
-Management

A

Presentation:
-Lack of energy
-Persistent infections, particularly thrush

Symptoms:
-May have polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
-No urinary ketones

Management:
-Lifestyle modification
-Sulphonylureas
-Metformin
-Severe cases: insulin therapy

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5
Q

Chronic complications
-Macrovascular
-Microvascular

A

Macrovascular:
-Stroke, MI

Microvascular:
-Nephropathy, neuropathy, blindness, foot ulceration

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6
Q

Treatment of pituitary dwarfism

A

Growth hormone therapy

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7
Q

Growth Hormone excess
-Gigantism
-Acromegaly

A

-In childhood, growth hormone excess results in gigantism

-In adulthood, leads to acromegaly: large hands, feet, lower jaw

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8
Q

Hyperprolactiniameia
-Symptoms in women
-Symptoms in men

A

Women:
-Menstrual disturbance
-Fertility problems
-Galactorrhoea

Men:
-Usually large tumours

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9
Q

Treatment of prolactinoma

A

-Dopamine agonists
-Cabergoline

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10
Q

Acromegaly:
-Long-term complications of untreated
-Biochemical tests to confirm
-Treatment

A

Complications:
-Premature cardiovascular death
-Increased risk of colonic tumours
-Hypertension and diabetes
-Irreversible disfiguring body changes

Biochemical tests:
-Oral Glucose Tolerance Test with GH response

Treatment:
-Surgical removal of tumour
-Dopamine agonist (Cabergoline)s
-Pegvisomant

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11
Q

Cushing’s Disease
-Appearance
-Difference between Cushing’s disease and syndrome

A

Appearance:
-Round pink face with round abdomen
-Skinny and weak arms/legs
-Thin skin and easy bruising
-Red striae on abdomen

-Cushing’s disease is due to a pituitary tumour, Cushing’s syndrome may be caused by other pathologies.

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12
Q

Consequences of untreated Diabetes insipidus

A

-Severe dehydration
-Hypernatraemia (high Na levels)
-Reduced consciousness, coma and death

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13
Q

Pituitary apoplexy
-Clinical presentation

A

Clinical presentation:
-Sudden onset headache
-Double vision
-Cranial nerve injury
-Hypopituitarism

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14
Q

Hyperaldosteronism:
-Primary
-Secondary
-Signs
-Treatment

A

Primary:
-Defect in adrenal cortex
-Low renin levels

Secondary:
-Due to overactivity of RAAS
-High renin levels

Signs:
-High BP
-LV hypertrophy
-Stroke
-Hypernatraemia
-Hypokalaemia

Treatment:
-Spironolactone

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15
Q

Cushing’s syndrome
-External causes (most common)
-Endogenous causes (rare)
-Signs and symptoms

A

External causes:
-Prescribe glucocorticoids

Endogenous causes:
-Benign pituitary adenoma producing ACTH
-Excess cortisol produced by adrenal tumour

Signs and symptoms:
-Plethoric moon-shaped face
-Purple striae
-Buffalo hump
-Abdominal obesity
-Hypertension
-Hyperglycaemia

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16
Q

Addison’s disease
-Most common cause
-Who does it affect more
-Signs and symptoms

A

Most common cause:
-Destructive atrophy from autoimmune response

Who does it affect more?
-Women more than men

Signs and symptoms:
-Postural hypotension
-Lethargy
-Weight loss
-Anorexia
-Hyperpigmentation
-Hypoglycaemia

17
Q

Addisonian crisis:
-What is it?
-Precipitated by
-Symptoms
-Treatment

A

-Life threatening emergency due to adrenal insufficiency

Preciptated by:
-Salt deprivation
-Infection
-Trauma

Symptoms:
-Nausea, vomiting, pyrexia, hypotension

Treatment:
-Cortisol
-Fluid replacement

18
Q

Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma
-Symptoms
-Acute crisis
-Management

A

Symptoms:
-Sweating
-High or low BP
-Acute episodes
-Palpitations

Acute crisis:
-Hyperglycaemia
-Sudden death

Management:
-Alpha-blockade (phenoxybenzamine)
-Beta-blockade (bisoprolol)
-Surgical excision

19
Q

Hypothyroidism
-Symptoms
-Signs
-Causes
-Test
-Treatment

A

Symptoms:
-Tiredness, weight gain, cold intolerance

Signs:
-Bradycardia
-Dry, thin hair
-Loss of eyebrows
-Peri-orbital oedema (puffy eyes)

Causes:
-Iodine deficiency

Test:
-Low T3/T4, elevated TSH

Treatment:
-Levothyroxine (T4) for life

20
Q

Hyperthyroidism:
-Signs and symptoms
-Test

A

Signs and symptoms:
-Weight loss, tachycardia, hypertension

Test:
-Excess T3/T4, low TSH

21
Q

Graves’ disease
-What is it?
-Treatment

A

-TSI produced which stimulate the TSH receptors on follicle cells, resulting in increased production and release of T3 and T4, therefore causing TSH levels to drop.

Treatment:
-Carbimazole, inhibits enzyme thyroid peroxidase

MEH Diseases (3 decks)

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