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Endocrine > Endocrine System Pathology 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List two mechanisms of increased functional effects of hormones

A

Hyperfunction - excess production of hormone
New source of hormone

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2
Q

Define primary hyperfunction

A

Hormone secretion occurs independent of a stimulus

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3
Q

Define secondary hyperfunction

A

A functional lesion causes excess stimulatory hormone, which causes excess hormone production from an endocrine gland.

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4
Q

What are the two sources of hormones?

A

Exogenous
Endogenous

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5
Q

List two mechanisms of the decreased functional effects of hormones

A

Hypofunction - insufficient production of hormone
Lack of response to a hormone

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6
Q

What is primary hypofunction?

A

Impaired abilty of lack of ability to produce hormone

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7
Q

What are the two types of congenital primary hypofunctions?

A

Genetic mutation of developmental anomaly

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8
Q

Where in the adrenal cortex is aldosterone produced?

A

Zona glomerulosa

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9
Q

Where in the adrenal cortex is cortisol produced?

A

Zona fasciculata

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10
Q

What is hyperadrenocorticism also known as and how does it cause clinical signs?

A

Cushing’s syndrome. Signs cause by excess cortisol

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11
Q

What causes primary hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Functional cortical tumour causing increased cortisol.

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12
Q

Which species are adrenoal cortical tumours most common in?

A

Dogs

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13
Q

Which types of tumour are the most common in the adrenal cortex?

A

Adenoma > carcinoma

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14
Q

What causes secondary hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Pituitary tumour (usually adenoma) with autonomous production of ACTH

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15
Q

What is the most common neoplastic cause of hyperadrenocortism in dogs?

A

Secondary hyperadrenocortisicm (caused by a functional pituitary tumour)

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16
Q

What is the cause of iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Glucocorticoid administration

17
Q

What is hypoadrenocorticism also known as?

A

Addison’s disease

18
Q

List four causes of primary hypoadrenocorticism

A

Idiopathic
Adrenal inflammation
Vascular disease
Metastatic tumour spread to the adrenals

19
Q

What is secondary hypoadrenocorticim caused by and what affect does it have on the adrenals?

A

Pituitary disease causing bilateral adrenal cortical atrophy with sparing of the zona glomerulosa

20
Q

What causes secondary hypoadrenocorticism?

A

Iatrogenic following withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy

21
Q

What is the main species affected by hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Dogs

22
Q

What is the most common tumour of the adrenal medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma

23
Q

What are the two main mechanisms of diabetes mellitus?

A

Pancreatic beta-cell hypofunction resulting in insufficienct insulin production
Insulin resistance - reduced response to insulin by target cells or antagonism of insulin

24
Q

In dogs, list three causes of diabetes mellitus

A

Beta-cell destruction
Pancreatitis
Pancreatic necrosis

25
Q

Which breeds of dog are predisposed to immune-mediated destruction of beta cells?

A

Cairn and tibetan terrier
Minature poodle
Rottweilers

26
Q

List three causes of insulin antagonism?

A

Progesterone and growth hormone: dioestrus and pregnancy
Cortisol: hyperadrenocorticism
Exogenous glucocorticoids and progestogens

27
Q

List two breeds that are susceptible to congenital/juvenile diabetes?

A

Keeshond
Greyhounds

28
Q

List four risk factors in cats for diabetes?

A

Age (>10 years old)
Obesity
Male
Burmese

29
Q

What is the main mechanism of diabetes mellitus?

A

Reduced insulin production and insulin resistance

30
Q

In cats, what is a common cause of beta-cell destruction?

A

Pancreatitis

31
Q

In cats, what is a common cause of insulin antagonism?

A

Growth hormone (acromegaly)
Cortisol

32
Q

In cattle, what is beta cell destruction caused by?

A

Immune-mediated
Associated with some viral infections.

33
Q

What is the main cause of beta cell hyperfunction?

A

Insulin-secreting beta-cell tumour (insulinoma)

Endocrine (12 decks)

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