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Year 2 extra > Endocrine extra > Flashcards

Endocrine extra Flashcards

1
Q

Which organism is commonly found in foot ulcers?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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2
Q

How is pheochromocytoma screened for?

A

Plasma Metanephrines

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3
Q

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is ________ failure due to bleeding.

A

adrenal

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4
Q

Should glucocorticoids be used long term?

A

No

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5
Q

Which drug can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

lithium

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6
Q

Which disease can cause cranial diabetes insipidus?

A

Sarcoidosis

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7
Q

Prolactinomas can resolve with a year of medication. T/F

A

True

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8
Q

Dexamethasone is a…

A

steroid.

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9
Q

How many episodes of severe hypoglycemia mean that a patient can no longer drive?

A

2

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10
Q

Pancreatic failure ceases insulin production, leading to secondary diabetes. Which disease is this common in?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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11
Q

__________-acting insulin is first line for type 2 diabetes.

A

Intermediate

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12
Q

High T3
Normal T4
Low TSH

A

T3 toxicosis

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13
Q

How is steroid-induced hyperglycaemia treated?

A

Sulphonylureas

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14
Q

Acromegaly initial investigation

A

IGF-1

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15
Q

Acromegaly confirming investigation

A

Oral glucose

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16
Q

Cushing’s is diagnosed with a ____ dose dexamethasone suppression test followed by a ____ dose dexamethasone suppression test.

A

high
low

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17
Q

Hypotestosteronism can lead to…

A

Osteoporosis.

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18
Q

Insulinoma is tested with a __ hour fast.

A

72

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19
Q

What is a side effect of pioglitazone?

A

Fluid retention

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20
Q

What can amiodarone cause in the lungs?

A

Pneumonitis

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21
Q

Name some side effects of carbimazole

A

Rashes
Agranulocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
Headaches
Anaemia

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22
Q

Insulin calculation for DKA

A

% x W x 10

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23
Q

?/5 of the insulin is short acting in a basal bolus regime?

A

3

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24
Q

PTH acts in the ________ convoluted tubule.

A

distal

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25
Q

______parathyroidism causes brown bone tumours.

A

Hyper

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26
Q

🐠 test

A

🟡🏃‍♀️

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27
Q

Psammoma bodies consist of clusters of ________________. They are most commonly seen in papillary carcinomas.

A

microcalcification

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28
Q

Which tummy problem does type 1 diabetes increase the risk of?

A

Coeliac

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28
Q

Which thyroid protein increases in pregnancy?

A

Thyroid binding globulin

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28
Q

LH/FSH stimulates testosterone secretion.

A

LH

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28
Q

Thyroid hormone receptors are found in the…

A

nucleus.

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29
Q

Cushings causes _____kalemia.

A

hypo

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30
Q

Injected ________ increase diabetes risk.

A

steroids

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31
Q

What is the pattern of secretion of GH?

A

Pulsatile

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32
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of 50% ________trophs.

A

somato

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33
Q

B blockers ________ insulin release.

A

inhibit

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34
Q

Which testicular tumour can cause gynaecomastia

A

HCG secreting seminoma

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35
Q

What is acropachy (seen in graves)?

A

Clubbing and tissue swelling

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35
Q

Hashimotos has a risk of _____ lymphoma.

A

MALT

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36
Q

Which type of sampling can show which adrenal gland is the problem

A

Adrenal venous sampling

36
Q

During the infancy stage which hormone drives growth?

A

Insulin

36
Q

Which pancreatic tumour causes a blistering rash?

A

Glucagonoma

37
Q

From which amino acid are catecholamines primarily derived?

A

Tyrosine

38
Q

addisonioan crisis presentation

A

Hyponatreamia
Hypoglycemia
Low bp

38
Q

Ferrous sulphate decreases absorption of what?

A

levothyroxine

39
Q

How does iron deficiency anemia present?

A

tiredness
palpitations
breathlessness

40
Q

Pituitary hormone disappearance order

A

GH
LH and FSH
TSH

41
Q

How is acromegaly diagnosed?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

41
Q

Mumps - testicular failure

A
42
Q

What causes flushing, diarrhoea and pain and is treated with Octreotide?

A

Adrenal carcinoid tumour

43
Q

What do adrenal carcinoid tumours secrete?

A

Seretonin

43
Q

De Quervain’s Thyroiditis treatment

A

NSAIDs
B blockers

Resolves in 6 months

43
Q

GH is released when tired and hungry. Which virmain do they release?

A

D

43
Q

Describe the process of thyroid hormone release

A

pinocytosis
digestion
secretion through transporters

43
Q

High plasma osmolality in diabetes lead to high…

A

albumin.

43
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Hypothalamus

44
Q

1a hydroxylase activates vitamin…

A

D.

44
Q

Which receptor stimulates calcitonin?

A

CaSR

44
Q

PTH stimulates FGF23 to decrease…

A

phosphate.

44
Q

Does acromegaly increase risk of diabetes?

A

Yes

44
Q

Oxytocin causes water…

A

excretion.

44
Q

Non functioning pituitary adenomas are most common. T/F

A

True

45
Q

What eye problems are specific to graves

A

Eye pain and double vision

46
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by the…

A

hypophyseal portal venous system.

46
Q

severance of the pituitary stalk prevents release of…

A

ADH.

46
Q

Which diabetes drug increases risk of CVD?

A

Gliclazide

46
Q

Exanatide for

A

obese

47
Q

___ stimulates chromaffin cells

A

ACh

47
Q

Gestational diabetes has a fasting glucose of __mmol/L or above.

A

5.6

47
Q

Pioglitazone increases the risk of what cancer?

A

Bladder

47
Q

Nelson’s syndrome can follow an adrenalectomy. How does it present?

A

Headaches
Weakness
pigmentation

47
Q

What should be done for hypoglycemic unawareness.

A

Reduce insulin

47
Q

Ghrelin stimulates…

A

GnRH

47
Q

Calcitonin _________ phosphate.

A

decreases

47
Q

____ dose dexamethasone suppression test

A

High

47
Q

What is the gold standard investigation or ‘challenge’ test which is used to clarify the diagnosis of hypopituitarism?

A

Insulin tolerance test

47
Q

Spironolactone ________ testosterone
and ________ oestradiol.

A

decreases

increases

47
Q

Gastroparesis complications

A

DKA
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia

47
Q

Describe thyroid lymphoma

A

Slow growing
Restricts abilities

47
Q

Gestational diabetes can present with a 2-hour post-oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose level of ≥___ mmol/L.

A

7.8

47
Q

Poor compliance is usually shown…

A

subclinically.

47
Q

Can long acting insulin be given with short acting insulin?

A

No

47
Q

How does alcohol cause hypoglycemia?

A

Inhibits glycogenolysis

47
Q

Does pregnancy increase free T4?

A

No

47
Q

In Graves disease Ig_ antibodies are formed against the TSH receptors on the thyroid gland.

A

G

47
Q

Increased amino acids ______ glucagon release.

A

Stimulate

47
Q

What causes an early and a late drop in blood glucose?

A

Exercise

47
Q

Is LH and FSH high or low in menopause?

A

High

48
Q

Methyldopa 🐠

A

Citrus

48
Q

Hyperparathyroid drugs can cause agranulocytosis - how does this present?

A

Sore throat
Neutropenia
Sepsis

49
Q

Diabetes can destroy which joints?

A

tarsometatarsal

50
Q

Chronic alcoholism can present like Cushings but with…

A

normal dinural variation of cortisol.

51
Q

What is the main risk factor for thyroid eye disease in patients with Graves’ disease?

A

Smoking

52
Q

Sepsis and renal impairment cause ______ acidosis.

A

lactic

52
Q

PDE inhibitors can cause ____tension.

A

hypo

52
Q

Macrosomia is a birthweight more than…

A

4 kg.

52
Q

What is the biggest side effect of pioglitazone?

A

Fluid retention

53
Q

What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome most commonly caused by?

A

Neisseria Meningitis

54
Q

In T1D there is a defect in GLUT_.

A

4

Year 2 extra (6 decks)

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