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Pathophysiology > Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How doe endocrine glands get their jobs done?

A

by secreting or releasing hormones into the blood

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2
Q

hormone

A

molecule that acts as a message to convey information

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3
Q

what kind of responses do hormones give off?

A

slower, long acting responses

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4
Q

do hormones affect all cells/tissues?

why?

A

NO!

they reach all parts of the body, but only target certain cells that have receptors to the hormone

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5
Q

where are receptors for water soluble hormones found?

A

on the surface of the target cell, on the plasma membrane

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6
Q

water soluble hormone examples

A

polypeptides
catchecholamines

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7
Q

lipid soluble hormones examples

A

steroids
thyroids

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8
Q

where are lipid soluble hormones found?

A

in the nucleus

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9
Q

water soluble hormone receptors are coupled to

A

various second messenger systems which mediate the action of the hormone in the cell

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10
Q

changes evoked by the actions of secondary messengers are

A

usually rapid

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11
Q

three levels of integration for hormones

A

hypothalamus hormones
anterior pituitary hormones
endocrine targets and the hormones they secrete

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12
Q

hypothalamic hormones

A

regulate anterior pituitary trophic hormones that determine target gland secretion

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13
Q

What does the endocrine system regulate/control?

A

growth and development
male/female reproductive system
energy
level of salts/sugars in the blood

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14
Q

what are the organs that regulate the endocrine system (10)

A

pineal gland
hypothalamus
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
kidneys
testes/ovaries
pancreas
thyroid gland
pituitary gland

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15
Q

the endocrine glands are located

A

all over the body

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16
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland
regulates other endocrine glands

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17
Q

thyroid gland

A

metabolism, body heat, bone growth

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18
Q

parathyroids

A

use of calcium and phosphorus

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

links NS to endocrine system

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20
Q

adrenal gland

A

responses to stress, metabolism, BP, salt balance

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21
Q

pancreas

A

blood sugar

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22
Q

ovaries

testes

A

eggs and female characteristics

sperm and male characteristics

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23
Q

a molecule is only a _____________ when described in the context of its role in an ________________ system

A

hormone

endocrine communication

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24
Q

GH solubility

and hypothalamic releasing factor

A

lipid soluble

GHRH (stimulates)
somatostatin (inhibits)

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25
Q

ACTH solubility

and hypothalamic releasing factor

A

water soluble

CRH (stimulates)

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26
Q

FSH solubility

and hypothalamic releasing factor

A

lipid soluble

GnRH (stimulates)

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27
Q

LH solubility

and hypothalamic releasing factor

A

water soluble

GnRH (stimulates)

28
Q

TSH solubility

and hypothalamic releasing factor

A

lipid soluble

TRH (stimulates)

29
Q

PRL solubility

and hypothalamic releasing factor

A

water soluble

DA (inhibits)
TRH (stimulates)

30
Q

hormones in the hypothalamus

A

PRH
PIH (dopamine)
TRH
CRH
GHRH
GHIH
GnRH

31
Q

hormones in the anterior pituitary

A

prolactin
TSH
ACTH
GH
FSH
LH

32
Q

what regulates hypothalamic and pituitary hormones?

A

peripheral hormones feedback

33
Q

adrenal cortex

A

responsible for secretion of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens

34
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone
maintains sodium and fluid balance

35
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol
provide the body with the materials needed for energy

36
Q

androgens

A

testosterone
hyper secretion can cause masculinizing characteristics

37
Q

regulation of the adrenal hormones is accomplished through

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

38
Q

aldosterone secretion is primarily accomplished through

A

RAAS

39
Q

11 beta hydroxylase defect

A

second most common enzyme defect

excessive production of 11-deoxycorticosterone which in high concentrations in an effective mineralcorticosteroid
aldosterone and cortisol production is greatly decreased

40
Q

administration of glucocorticoids shuts down _____________ production by inhibiting ______________

A

androgen

ACTH secretion

41
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

genital abnormalities due to deficiencies of the adrenal gland and caused by 21-hydroxylase defects

42
Q

complications of chronic exogenous corticosteroid use

A

suppressed or quiescent HPA axis
Zona fasciculata atrophy
decreased CRH and ACTH secretion

43
Q

full recovery of endogenous cortisol secretion may require up to ___________

why?

A

18 months following steroid withdrawal

ACTH has to act for an extended time to restore normal synthetic capacity of adrenal cortex
Cortisol production lags behind restoration of ACTH secretion

44
Q

posterior pituitary

A

composed mainly of cells called “pituicytes” which act as packing and supporting cells
stores and releases hormones into the close capillaries

45
Q

where are posterior pituitary hormones produced?

A

in the hypothalamic nuclei

ADH - supraoptic nucleus, 1/6 in PV nuclei
Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus, 1/6 in S nuclei

46
Q

which hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

antidiuretic hormone/arginine vasopressin

oxytocin

47
Q

anti diuretic hormone

A

decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys and elevates BP

48
Q

increased blood osmolarity or decreased blood volume are sensed in the _________________ and increase ___________ secretion

A

brain or cortex

vasopressin

49
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

hypo-osmotic polyuria secondary to abnormal synthesis, regulation or renal action of antidiuretic hormone
blocked ADH production

50
Q

central diabetes insipidus vs nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

central - vasopressin deficiency

nephrogenic - vasopressin resistance

51
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands
stimulates smooth muscle cells in uterus
stimulates myoepithelial cells of breast to contract

52
Q

oxytocin is responsible for the _________ of milk

A

ejection

53
Q

factors inhibiting release of oxytocin

A

emotions - stress, fright
drugs and alcohol

54
Q

factors stimulating release of oxytocin

A

suckling
emotions - sight/sound of a baby’s cry
dilation of cervix

55
Q

myometrial sensitivity to OT increased by ____________ concentration of which is high in _____________

A

estrogen

pregnancy at the end of pregnancy

56
Q

what hormone stimulates prolactin secretion?

which one inhibits it?

A

stimulates - thyrotropin releasing hormone

inhibits - dopamine

57
Q

hyperprolactinemia

A

abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood
caused by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland

58
Q

OT/PRL axis

A

PRL stimulates development/growth of mammary glands and milk production during pregnancy

OT causes muscle contraction to expel milk in the breast

59
Q

secondary hyper secretion due to hypothalamic problem

A

CRH levels - high
ACTH levels - high
Cortisol levels - high

60
Q

secondary hyper secretion due tov pituitary problem

A

CRH levels - low
ACTH levels - high
cortisol levels - high

61
Q

primary hyper secretion due to problem with adrenal cortex

A

CRH levels - low
ACTH levels - low
cortisol levels - high

62
Q

adrenocortical primary insufficiency

A

Addisons disease
autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex –> acute adrenal crisis

63
Q

characteristics of Addisons disease

A

low glucocorticoids, androgen, and mineralocorticoids
low cortisol - hypoglycemia
low aldosterone - hypotension, hyperkalemia
high ACTH secretion

64
Q

adrenocortical secondary insufficiency

A

caused by deficiency of ACTH

65
Q

Cushing’s syndrome/disease characteristics

A

high cortisol - hyperglycemia, poor wound healing, central obesity, HTN
high androgen - virilization of women

66
Q

aldosterone-secreting tumor (Conn’s syndrome) characteristics

A

high sodium reabsorption - HTN
high potassium secretion - hypokalemia

67
Q

adrenocortical excess examples

A

Cushings syndrome/disease

Aldosterone secreting hormone (Conn’s syndrome)

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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