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Block 4 > Endocrine continued > Flashcards

Endocrine continued Flashcards

1
Q

Name two categories of water soluble hormones

A

protein and peptide hormones ( eg insulin and growth hormone)
amines and amino acids ( eg adrenaline)

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2
Q

Name a category of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroid hormones (eg estrogen and testosterone)

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3
Q

Thyroxine is an amine and amino acid based hormone yet it is classified as lipid soluble not water soluble. Why is this?

A

it acts like a steroid hormone

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4
Q

How do water soluble hormones travel in the blood? and what type of receptors do they bind to?

A
  • travel freely in the blood

- they bind to cell - surface receptors

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5
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones travel in the blood? and what type of receptors do they bind to?

A
  • travel in the blood bound to a carrier protein

- they bind to an intracellular receptor

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6
Q

what would the results be on a thyroid function test (TSH and T4 levels) of a person with primary hypothyroidism?

A
  • TSH = high

- T4 = low

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7
Q

what would the results be on a thyroid function test (TSH and T4 levels) of a person with hyperthyroidism ?

A
  • TSH = Low

- T4 = High

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8
Q

the auto immune disease hashimotos is a common cause for hypothyroidism, what is this?

A
  • it is an autoimmune disease that destroys thyroid cells
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9
Q

the autoimmune disease graves disease is a common cause for hyperthyroidism, what is this?

A
  • the body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells
  • the antibodies mimic TSH, stimulating the release of TH
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10
Q

Exophthalmos is also a sign/ symptom of hyperthyroidism. What is this?

A
  • it is when a person’s eyes protrude due to tissue behind them becoming oedematous and fibrous
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11
Q

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated metabolic abnormalities diagnosed by co-occurrence of 3 out of the five issues. What are the five abnormalities?

A
  • abdominal obesity
  • increased fasting glucose
  • hypertension
  • high serum triglycerides
  • low high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (good cholesterol)
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12
Q

For Thyroid hormone name the…

  1. source
  2. class based on structure
  3. name of its regulating hormone
  4. the source of the regulating hormone
  5. three major actions of the hormone itself
A
  1. thyroid gland
  2. amine
  3. TSH
  4. anterior pituitary
  5. increase metabolic rate, increased responsiveness to catecholamines, increase protein and bone turnover
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13
Q

For Growth hormone name the…

  1. source
  2. class based on structure
  3. name of its regulating hormone
  4. the source of the regulating hormone
  5. three major actions of the hormone itself
A
  1. anterior pituitary
  2. peptide
  3. growth hormone - releasing hormone (GHRH)
  4. hypothalamus
  5. stimulates growth of bone and muscle, promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism, decreased carbohydrate metabolism
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14
Q

For Glucocorticoids (eg, cortisol) name the…

  1. source
  2. class based on structure
  3. name of its regulating hormone
  4. the source of the regulating hormone
  5. three major actions of the hormone itself
A
  1. adrenal cortex
  2. steroid
  3. corticotropin- releasing hormone
  4. hypothalamus
  5. affects metabolism, regulates blood glucose, decreases effects of stress
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15
Q

what is congenital hypothyroidism called?

A

cretinism

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16
Q

what may result from a congenital deficiency in growth hormone? And what is the treatment?

A
  • decreased growth after birth
  • people affected have normal intelligence, short stature and a delay in skeletal maturation
  • puberty may also be delayed
  • daily subcutaneous injection of human growth hormone
17
Q

what is Giantism caused by?

A

an excess of Growth hormone before puberty and the long bones grow excessively

18
Q

what are the three groups of hormone produced by the adrenal cortex and provide an example of each?

A
  • mineralocortiods hormones ( eg aldosterone)
  • glucocoticoids (eg cortisol)
  • adrenal sex hormones (eg gonadocorticoids)
19
Q

outline the 3 stages of the general adaption syndrome

A
  • phase 1 = alarm reaction - generalised stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and Hypothalamic- Pituitary axis resulting in the release of catecholamines and cortisol
  • phase 2 = resistance- body selects most effective and economic channels of defence
  • phase 3 = exhaustion - depletion of all resources, sign of “wear and tear” or systemic damage

Block 4 (3 decks)

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